The World Flora Online

Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, 2-5(-10) m tall. Branches brown, densely red-brown glandular hairy. Petiole erect, 2.5-5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade abaxially pale green, with resinlike gland dots, adaxially deep green, cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate, (5-)10-25 × (3.3-)5-13(-16.5) cm, palmately 5-veined, glabrous, base rounded or subtruncate, sometimes slightly cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Panicles robust, often flat-topped, 5-10 cm, densely red-brown scaly and glandular hairy; bracts caducous, leaving scalelike scars. Flowers 4-5 cm in diam.; pedicel 4-12 mm. Sepals obovate, 8-10 × ca. 7 mm, densely red-brown scaly, with glands at base. Petals bright pink, mauve, or white with pale red veins, obovate, (1-)1.5-3 × 0.8-2 cm. Stamens many; anthers yellow, apically dehiscent. Capsule subglobose or ovoid, slightly laterally compressed, (1.4-)2-4.5 cm, usually densely purple-brown spiny, rarely smooth; spines 1-2 cm. Seeds numerous, red-brown, obovoid-angular, 4-5 mm.

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• 24
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Bixa orellana L., Sp. Pl. 512. 1753; B. upatensis Ram. Goyena.

Arboles o arbustos, 2–10 m de alto. Hojas enteras, ovado-triangulares, agudas a acuminadas, glabras o densamente lepidotas en el envés. Panículas terminales, flores actinomorfas, 4–7 cm de ancho; pétalos obovados, emarginados, rosados o blancos; ovario 1-locular, con 2 placentas parietales. Cápsula erecta, muy variable en tamaño y forma, oblongo ovoide a globosa o reniforme, 1.5–4.5 cm de largo, aguda o acuminada en el ápice, densa a escasamente cubierta de espinas largas o cortas, a veces casi lisa; semillas obovoide-angulares, ca 5 mm de largo, con densas papilas rojo-anaranjadas.

Común en bosques secos a húmedos, bosques de galería y pastizales, ampliamente cultivada en todo el país y escapada de cultivo; 0–1200 m; fl oct–dic, fr dic–jul; Araquistain 2946, Sandino 3772; nativa de América tropical, en la actualidad distribuida en todos los trópicos. La variación de esta especie aún no ha sido evaluada por completo, esporádicamente se encuentran formas con cápsulas sin espinas que pueden ser clasificadas como B. orellana var. leiocarpa (Kuntze) Standl. & L.O. Williams y aquellas con flores y cápsulas más pequeñas y menos semillas como la variedad putativamente primitiva, B. orellana var. urucurana (Willd.) Kuntze ex Pilg. Bixa upatensis probablemente pertenece a la última. El género es generalmente considerado como monotípico. El tinte que se obtiene de las semillas es comercialmente importante. "Achiote".

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• 25
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triangular, infrequently oblong-ovate, the base truncate or truncate-subcordate or rounded or rounded-subcordate, the apex sometimes acute to generally gradually long-acuminate and with the acumen usually blunt and often inconspicuously mucronulate, entire-margined, 5.5-27 cm long and 3-18 cm wide, membranous to chartaceous, 5-palminerved, slightly discolor, the upper surface usually more or less shining and glabrous or sparsely lepidote especially when young and along the veins, the lower surface dull, paler, more or less densely lepidote, and with the main veins and secondary veins prominent. Panicles small to large, few- to many-flowered, the axes densely covered with minute, reddish-brown scales, the bracts and bracteoles squamiform and fugacious. Flowers with the pedicels up to 1 cm long, densely covered with minute, reddish-brown scales; sepals circular, cucullate, 7-9 mm in diam, densely lepidote outside; petals obovate, rounded at the apex, 20-33 mm long and 8-20 mm wide, white or pink; androecium ca 14-15 mm long, the fila- ments filiform, the anthers ca 1-1.5 mm long; ovary more or less globose to pyri- form, densely to sparsely bristly, the style up to 15 mm long, slightly enlarged towards the apex, glabrous. Capsules very variable in shape, size, and indumentum, oblong-ovoid to ovoid to globose to + reniform to transversely ellipsoid, more or less flat- tended or not, rounded to acute or sometimes acuminate at the apex, 1.3-4.5 cm long and 1.3-4 cm broad, brown to flaming red, densely to sparsely covered with long or sometimes short, flexible spines, sometimes nearly smooth; seeds obovoid- angular, ca 5 mm long, the testa densely reddish-orange papillate. Native to and widely distributed throughout continental tropical America; planted and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions of the world; known locally as achote or achiote.

Source: [
• 26
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Shrub or tree, usually evergreen, 1.5-10 (15) m tall, the trunk up to 10 cm in diam, the bark lenticellate, the branchlets covered with minute, reddish-brown scales. Leaves with the petioles slender, terete, slightly enlarged at the apex, 1.8- 14 cm long, more or less densely covered with minute scales, the stipules narrowly ovate, acuminate at the apex, ca 1 cm long, fugacious; blade ovate or sometimes ovate-

Source: [
• 26
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Leaf: base foliar truncate or cordate. Inflorescence: length of the inflorescence to 10 cm. Flower: nectary extrafloral at the apex of the pedicel conspicuous. Fruit: fruit non flattened; fruit prickly.

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• 1
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Hoja: base foliar(es) truncada(s) o cordada(s). Inflorescencia: longitud de la inflorescencia(s) hasta 10 cm. Flor: nectário(s) extrafloral(es) al ápice(s) de los pedicelo(s) conspicuo(s). Fruto: fruto(s) no chato(s); fruto(s) espinoso(s).

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• 1
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Folha: base foliar(es) truncada(s) ou cordada(s). Inflorescência: comprimento da inflorescência(s) até 10 cm. Flor: nectário(s) extrafloral(ais) no ápice(s) dos pedicelo(s) conspícuo(s). Fruto: fruto(s) não achatado(s); fruto(s) espinhoso(s).

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• 1
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An introduced shrub; sometimes subspontaneous.

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• 7
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Petals white with light red veins and oblong dots or mauve or bright pink, unequal, obovate, 1.5–3 cm. long, 0.8–2 cm. wide, obtuse to rounded.

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• 22
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Sepals purplish, ovate, concave, 8–12 mm. long, obtuse or rounded, with rust-coloured sessile scales outside.

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• 22
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Receptacles with (4–)5(–6) pale shining glands, variable in size.

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• 22
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Panicles or corymbs 8–50-flowered; pedicels 4–12 mm. long, thickened towards apex, densely covered with rusty-red peltate scales; bracts lanceolate to narrowly obovate, 4–7(–10) mm. long, soon caducous, leaving a scale-like scar.

Source: [
• 22
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Ovary ovoid or subglobose, 2.25–3 mm. wide, covered with dense red blotched bristles; style 12–15 mm. long, thickened towards the apex, glabrous.

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• 22
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Capsule variable in shape and colour, rounded with an abrupt short acuminate apex or elongate-ovate with a long acuminate apex, (l.4–)2–4.5 cm. long, (l.7–)2–4 cm. wide, sometimes with a short stipe up to 4 mm. long, densely covered with red to brown stiff bristles, variable in length (there is also a variety with smooth capsules which does not occur in Africa); endocarp detaching, membranous and shiny.

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• 22
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Filaments 8–14 mm. long; anthers violet or red to purple, 1–1.2 mm. long.

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• 22
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Seeds numerous, red-brown, obovoid-angular, 4–5 mm. long; testa studded with minute red glands; funicles 2–3 mm. long, with a disc-shaped apex.

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• 22
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Stipules ± lanceolate, 0.4–1.5 cm. long, leaving a very shallow scale-like scar with 2 sessile glands.

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• 22
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Leaves petiolate; blades ovate, 5–25 cm. long, 3.3–16.5 cm. wide, apex long acuminate, base cordate or less often truncate (very rarely obtuse), very young leaves with rust-coloured sessile scales beneath, soon becoming glabrescent or glabrous, with 5–6 pairs of lateral nerves, the second pair always arising from the base together with the first pair, prominent beneath; petiole slender, 1.2–13 cm. long, distinctly thickened at the base and apex.

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• 22
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Shrub or small tree l–9(–15) m. tall; young branches densely covered with rust-coloured peltate scales, becoming glabrescent with age.

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• 22
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Capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, densely covered with stiff, slender bristles, opening to the base by two valves.

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• 23
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Seeds c. 4 mm. long, numerous, obovoid-angular; testa covered with minute, red, sessile glands.

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• 23
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Shrub or small tree up to 8 m. tall; branches and rhachis of the inflorescence covered with rusty scales.

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• 23
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Flowers in terminal 8–50-flowered panicles or corymbs; bracts 5–10 mm. long, caducous; pedicels 8–10 mm. long, red-scaly, apex thickened and with 5–6 sessile glands.

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• 23
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Leaf-lamina 7.5–24 x 4–16 cm., ovate, apex long-acuminate, base cordate or truncate, densely scaly beneath at first, later glabrescent, 5-nerved from the base, petiole up to 12 cm. long, thickened at the base and apex.

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• 23
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Petals 5–7, unequal, obovate, obtuse or refuse, pinkish-white.

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• 23
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Sepals 10–12 mm. long, purplish, scaly, obovate, concave, blunt.

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• 23
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Ovary globose, with dense, red-blotched bristles; style 1.2–1.5 cm. long; stigma-lobes very short.

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• 23
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Anthers violet.

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• 23
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Arbuste' à petit arbre, dépassant rarement 5 m de haut; port pyramidal à sphérique; écorce grise; jeunes rameaux couverts de fines écailles roussâtres.' Feuilles' à stipules petites et caduques; pétiole atteignant 13 cm de long; limbe ovale, cordé, subcordé à parfois tronqué à la base, longuement acuminé au sommet, atteignant 25 cm de long et 16 cm de large, membraneux, vert sombre ou rougeâtre, couvert de fines écailles à l'état jeune, glabre à l'état adulte, à face inférieure ± luisante et criblée de points glanduleux rouges; nervures basales 5; nervures secondaires et tertiaires nombreuses, bien visibles. Corymbes ou panicules à axes tomenteux brun rouge; bractées de 5-10 mm de long, caduques.' Fleurs' à pédicelle de 8-10 mm de long, muni au sommet de 5 glandes charnues, sessiles; sépales 5, obovales, concaves, de 10-12 mm de long; pétales 5(-7), obovales, obtus ou rétus au sommet, étalés, d'environ 25 mm de long et 14 mm de large, mauves, blanc rosâtre à blancs; étamines à filet d'environ 12 mm de long, jaune à points rouges dans la partie supérieure; anthères d'environ 1 mm de long, mauves; ovaire subglobuleux ou ± lobé, densément hérissé de poils rougeâtres, à 2(3-4) carpelles; style de 16-18 mm de long. Capsules ellipsoïdes, étroitement ovoïdes, plus rarement trigones ou tétragones, de 2,5-3 cm de long et 2,5-4 cm de large, à 2(3-4) valves, rouges, densément aiguillonnés; aiguillons de 5-12 mm de long.'Graines obovales, trigones, de 4-5 mm de long, entourées par une pulpe rouge.

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• 27
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Arbusto

Árvore

Shrub tree

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• 26
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Terrícola

1. Le rocouyer ou roucouyer est une plante ornementale souvent cultivée comme haie. — 2. Le rocou, pulpe qui entoure la graine, fournit une matière tinctoriale (rouge Orlean ou rouge Annatto), non toxique; elle est employée pour colorer divers produits alimentaires; au Congo, elle sert à teinter le corps, les cheveux, les meubles et les étoffes. — 3. Écorce textile.

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• 27
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