Herbs annual. Stems branched from base; branches prostrate or ascending, 15-40 cm, densely spreading strigose. Lower stem leaves short petiolate, oblong to obovate, 1-2 × 0.5-1.5 cm, asymmetrical, scabrous, strigose, margin coarsely crenate-lobulate; lateral veins 4-6 pairs, prominent abaxially, concave adaxially; upper leaves sessile. Flowers solitary, subsessile. Calyx 1.5-2 mm; lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, slightly enlarged in fruit, persistent, strigose. Corolla white, tubular, 2-2.5 mm, glabrous; lobes orbicular, ca. 0.3 mm. Stamens included; filaments ca. 0.3 mm, glabrous, inserted at middle of corolla tube; anthers rounded to broadly ovate, ca. 0.2 mm. Ovary fastigiate, 4-sulcate; stigma obscurely 2-cleft. Fruit broadly triangular, 3-4 mm, glandular pubescent; mericarps wrinkled, spinescent-tuberculate. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun.

Source: [
• 23
]. 

Procumbent branched herb. Young shoots silky-pubescent. Branches up to 35 cm or more long. Leaves 10-30 x 5-15 mm, obovate to oblong, pinnatifid subobtuse; lobes hairy, especially on lower surface. Petiole 3-7 mm long, dent hairy. Flowers solitary. Calyx ± 2.3 mm long; lobes 4, narrow ovate, c. 2 mm long hairy. Corolla ± calyx size, 4-lobed; lobes obtuse, c. 1.2 mm long. Stamens 4 subsessile; anthers c. 0.4 mm long. Drupe (3-) 4-lobed, ± pyramidal shaped, 2.5 x 3-3.5 mm. Pyrenes beaked, puberulose.

Source: [
• 25
]. 

Small scarlet or white flowers

Source: [
• 8
]. 

Whitish hairy, spreading from a woody base

Source: [
• 8
]. 

Wrinkled leaves

Source: [
• 8
]. 

Fig. 11.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Fruit 3–4 mm. long, glandular-hairy, apiculate, at first dividing into 2 then finally into 4 apiculate somewhat woody nutlets with rounded dorsal face with tubercles and irregular protuberances and angular ventral face.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Ovary conical, 0.4–0.6 mm. long, glandular-pubescent; styles 0.1–0.2 mm. long.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Seeds flattened-ovoid, 1.8 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or obovate, asymmetric, 0.5–3.3 cm. long, 0.3–2.2 cm. wide, crenulate or lobulate, strigose between the nerves above with adpressed ± bulbous-based hairs pointing towards the apices of lobes making leaf appear plicate, with spreading hairs beneath; nerves in 4–6 pairs, impressed above; petiole 0.1–2 cm. long.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Procumbent annual herb 10–50 cm. wide or forming mats 0.5–1 m. across; stems woody at the base, ± compressed, branched and ascending, greyish-velvety.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Calyx 2.5 mm. long, divided almost to the base into 4 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lobes, ± 0.6 mm. wide, often 1 lobe more developed, hairy, persistent.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Flowers small, subsessile.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Stamens 4; filaments 0.2–0.4 mm. long.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Corolla white, shorter than the calyx, glabrous, soon deciduous; tube ± cylindrical, 1.5–1.7 mm. long, slightly narrowed at the throat; lobes 4, oblong to obovate, 0.3–0.5 mm. long.

Source: [
• 21
]. 

Leaves with petiole 1–5(12) mm. long, on the first ones up to 40 mm. long; lamina 4–23 x 3–15 mm. (on the first leaves 25–43 x 15–32 mm.) usually oblong, sometimes circular, ovate, elliptic or obovate, plicate on the youngest leaves, with appressed hairs diverging from the nerves and converging to the teeth apex above, densely glandular-hairy below, apex rounded, base asymmetrical, cuneate on one side, obtuse to truncate on the other, margins deeply crenate to lobed.

Source: [
• 22
]. 

A procumbent annual herb; stems up to 40 cm. long, radiating, angular or ± laterally compressed, much branched, densely hairy to villous.

Source: [
• 22
]. 

Calyx 2.5–3.0 mm. long, a little accrescent in fruit, villous outside and inside; lobes ovate-lanceolate, subequal.

Source: [
• 22
]. 

Flowers subsessile.

Source: [
• 22
]. 

Fruit 4–5 mm. wide, depressed-ovoid, 4-lobed, beaked and with irregular protuberances, glandular-hairy, brownish, dividing at first into 2 pairs of nutlets, later into 4 nutlets with the ventral surface angular.

Source: [
• 22
]. 

Corolla 1.5–2.2 mm. long, narrowly conical, calyptriform, early deciduous, white, glabrous.

Source: [
• 22
]. 

Stamens inserted at c. 0.5 mm. from the base of the corolla tube; anthers c. 0.3 mm. long, suborbicular to broadly elliptic; filaments as long as the anthers, glabrous.

Source: [
• 22
]. 

Ovary c. 0.4 mm. long, ovate-pyramidal, glandular-pubescent; styles slightly united at base, early concealed by the apical protuberances of the fruit.

Source: [
• 22
]. 

Herbe' prostrée; tiges comprimées vers les extrémités, ligneuses à la base, ramifiées, ascendantes, de 10-50 cm de long, velues-grisâtres.' Feuilles' à pétiole de 1-4 mm de long; limbe oblong ou obovale, asymétrique, de 5-20(30) mm de long et 3-15 mm de large, crénelé à lobulé; face supérieure strigueuse entre les nervures, à poils apprimés fréquemment bulbeux à la base et convergeant dans chaque segment vers le sommet des dents; face inférieure à poils étalés; nervures latérales 4-6 paires, en creux en dessus, proéminentes en dessous, se terminant au fond de l'échancrure entre 2 dents.' Fleurs' 4-mères, petites, solitaires, subsessiles, extra-axillaires, les supérieures rapprochées en épi feuillé; calice de 2,5 mm de long, divisé presque jusqu'à la base en 4 lobes lancéolés ou ovales-lancéolés, de 0,6 mm de large, parfois à 1 lobe plus développé, hirsute sur les 2 faces, persistant et un peu accrescent; corolle blanche, glabre, plus courte ou égalant presque le calice, de 1,5-2,2 mm de long, calyptriforme et rapidement caduque; tube de 1,5-1,7 mm de long, cylindrique, rétréci vers le sommet; lobes de 0,3-0,5 mm de long, oblongs à obovales; étamines à filet de 0,2-0,4 mm de long, glabre, inséré à environ 0,5 mm de la base du tube; anthères largement elliptiques à suborbiculaires à maturité, de 0,2-0,3 mm de long; ovaire pyramidal, courtement apiculé, de 0,4-0,6 mm de long, glanduleux-villeux; styles 2, unis à la base, de 0,1-0,2 mm de long, stigmatifères seulement au sommet, très rapidement caducs.' Fruits' ovoïdes-pyramidaux, 4-lobés, de 3-4 mm de long, glanduleux-villeux, apiculés, se divisant d'abord en 2 moitiés, puis finalement en 4 nucules apiculées, un peu ligneuses, à face dorsale arrondie, tuberculée et garnie de protubérances irrégulières et à face ventrale anguleuse.'Graines ovoïdes-aplaties, de 1,8 mm de long et 1,2 mm de large.

Source: [
• 24
]. 

Procumbent annual herb 10-50 cm wide or forming mats 0.5-1 m across; stems woody at the base, ± compressed, branched and ascending, greyish-velvety. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or obovate, asymmetric, 0.5-3.3 cm long, 0.3-2.2 cm wide, crenulate or lobulate, strigose between the nerves above with adpressed ± bulbous-based hairs pointing towards the apices of lobes making leaf appear plicate, with spreading hairs beneath; nerves in 4-6 pairs, impressed above; petiole 0.1-2 cm long. Flowers small, subsessile. Calyx 2.5 mm long, divided almost to the base into 4 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lobes, ±0.6 mm wide, often 1 lobe more developed, hairy, persistent. Corolla white, shorter than the calyx, glabrous, soon deciduous; tube ± cylindrical, 1.5-1.7 mm long, slightly narrowed at the throat; lobes 4, oblong to obovate, 0.3-0.5 mm long. Stamens 4; filaments 0.2-0.4 mm long. Ovary conical, 0.4-0.6 mm long, glandular-pubescent; styles 0.1-0.2 mm long. Fruit 3-4 mm long, glandular-hairy, apiculate, at first dividing into 2 then finally into 4 apiculate somewhat woody nutlets with rounded dorsal face with tubercles and irregular protuberances and angular ventral face. Seeds flattened-ovoid, 1.8 mm long, 1.2 mm wide.

Source: [
• 27
]. 

In wet places, by muddy pools(in habit resembling Chrozophora, Forskohlea and Neurada).

Source: [
• 8
]. 

Endroits sablonneux sujets à des alternances de sécheresse et d'humidité.

Source: [
• 24
]. 

Dry mud of river banks and lake-shores, black cotton soil around ponds and rice cultivations near the coast, often with Eclipta, Glinus, Cynodon, etc., depressions and pans with standing water.

Source: [
• 27
]. 

Mauritanie, Sénégal, Gambie, Mali, Guinée portugaise, Guinée, Ghana, Nigeria, Tchad, Sudan, Éthiopie, Kenya, Tanzanie, Zambie, Angola; Madagascar; Asie et Australie tropicales.

Source: [
• 24
]. 

Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritania to Chad, Sudan and S. Egypt; Senegal to Angola, Ethiopia, Zaire, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, tropical Asia and Australia.

Source: [
• 27
].