The World Flora Online

45. Asplenium monanthes L., Mant. Pl. 130 (1767). Holotipo: Sudáfrica, Anon. (LINN-1250.17).

Por C.D. Adams.

Terrestres, rupícolas, o raramente epífitas; rizoma 1-6 x 0.2-0.8 cm (excluyendo la masa de raíces), erecto o ascendente; escamas 2-7 x 0.1-0.8 mm, extiéndose como escamas filiformes sobre el pecíolo, el raquis y la lámina, al menos cuando jóvenes, linear-lanceoladas, clatradas, con células alargadas de pared gruesa, pardo-grisáceo a negro brillante en la línea media, los márgenes pardo-castaño, el ápice filiforme largo; hojas 8-70 x 1-3(-4) cm, fasciculadas en grupos compactos de 10 o más, monomorfas; pecíolo 1-18(-30) cm x 0.5-1.5(-2) mm, recto, curvado o torcido, glabrescente, castaño brillante a pardo oscuro brillante, aplanado adaxialmente, estrechamente marginado distalmente, quebradizo sin dejar fibras vasculares; lámina 7-30(-40) x 1-3(-4) cm, 1-pinnada, linear, gradualmente estrechada hacia la base, acuminada en un ápice no similar en forma a las pinnas laterales; raquis alado adaxialmente, abaxialmente pardo brillante, glabrescente, las 2 alas enteras o papilosas, perpendiculares o ligeramente patentes, subhialinas, pardo claro, interrumpidas en la base de las pinnas por articulaciones o cicatrices elípticas; pinnas 30-85 pares, 3-20 x 1.5-8 mm, las más largas las medias, subdimidiadas, generalmente oblongas o lanceoladas y patentes o falcadas pero las basales subdeltadas y deflexas, subcoriáceas a herbáceas, glabras, generalmente verde claro, concoloras, todas sésiles con bases estrechas articuladas, finalmente caducas, los márgenes proximales rectos o someramente excavados, el margen basiscópico entero, el margen acroscópico cuspidado-dentado a subentero, el ápice obtuso o agudo; segmento terminal sublinear, alternadamente antrorsamente lobado; nérvulos simples a 2-bifurcados, evidentes o inconspicuos, terminando en hidatodos claviformes antes de los márgenes; soros 1-4(-5) mm, generalmente solitarios sobre los nérvulos del lado basiscópico, raramente 1 o 2 sobre el lado acroscópico de la pinna; indusio c. 1 mm de ancho, hialino, verdoso a pardo claro, entero, ampliamente abierto en la madurez; esporas reniforme-elipsoides, la perispora laxa, parda, arrugada, convoluta. Sobre acantilados en bosques montanos. Ch (Matuda 5393, US); G (Martínez S. et al. 19555, MEXU); H (Hazlett 2601, F); ES (Seiler 387, F); N (Barclay 2135, BM); CR (Pittier 7483, K); P (Davidse y D'Arcy 10212, MO). 1300-3400 m. (SO. y SE. Estados Unidos, México, Mesoamérica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Brasil, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, Jamaica, La Española, Islas del Atlántico, África, Hawaii.)

Los soros de Asplenium monanthes son típicamente pocos, hasta 3 sobre el lado basiscópico de las pinnas y 1 o 2 sobre el lado acroscópico. Se han observado plantas de México que muestran hasta 6-9 soros por pinna, pero su separación taxonómica es complicada debido a inconsistencias en otros caracteres, como la distinción de los hidatodos, la textura, color y papilosidad del ala del raquis, la incidencia de escamas piliformes sobre el raquis y el tejido y margen del indusio. Un ejemplo notable de Mesoamérica es Breedlove y Smith 22670 (MEXU) de Chiapas, que presenta soros basicópicos/ acroscópicos en los relaciones de 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, 2/1, 3/1, 3/2, 3/ 5, 4/1, 4/2, 4/3, 4/4 y 4/5. Expresiones similares de los soros se observan en Pringle 8754 de Eslava, Distrito Feder

Tallo: posición erecto(s); tipo de indumento escama(s); forma de las escama(s) linear(es) lanceolada(s). Hoja: posición erecta(s); color del pecíolo(s) marron lustroso(s); ala(s) del pecíolo(s) y o raquis marginado(s) alado(s); indumento del pecíolo(s) y o raquis tricoma(s) y escama(s); forma de la lámina(s) foliar(es) linear(es) lanceolada(s); división de la lámina(s) foliar(es) pinada(s); ápice(s) de la lámina(s) foliar(es) agudo(s)/pina apical(es) pinatifida(s); base de la lámina(s) decrescente(s); presencia de yema(s) presente(s); número de páreas de pinas más de 30 páreas; forma de la pina lateral(es) oblonga(s); tipo de venación libre(s); ramificación(es) de las nervura(s) simples; indumento de las nervura(s) glabra(s). Tipo de esporangio: forma del soro(s) unilateral(es); forma del indusio elíptico(s). Esporo: ornamentación de la perina cristada(s). Stem: position erect; type of the indumentum scale; form of the scale linear lanceolate. Leaf: position erect; colour of the petiole brown shiny; wing of the petiole and or rachis marginate winged; indumentum of the petiole and or rachis trichome and scale; form of the blade foliar linear lanceolate; division of the blade foliar pinnate; apex of the blade foliar acute/pinna apical pinnatifid; base of the blade decrescent; presence of the bud present; number of the pairs of the pinae more of the 30 pairs; form of the pinna lateral oblong; type of the venation free; branching of the veins simple; indumentum of the veins glabrate. Type of sporangium: form of the sori unilateral; form of the indusium elliptic. Spore: ornamentation of the perine cristate. Caule: posição ereto(s); tipo de indumento escama(s); forma das escama(s) linear(es) lanceolada(s). Folha: posição ereta(s); cor do pecíolo(s) castanho lustroso(s); ala(s) do pecíolo(s) e ou raque marginado(s) alado(s); indumento do pecíolo(s) e ou raque tricoma(s) e escama(s); forma da lâmina(s) foliar(es) linear(es) lanceolada(s); divisão da lâmina(s) foliar(es) pinada(s); ápice(s) da lâmina(s) foliar(es) agudo(s)/pina apical(ais) pinatifida(s); base da lâmina(s) decrescente(s); presença de gema(s) presente(s); número de pares de pinas mais de 30 pares; forma da pina lateral(ais) oblonga(s); tipo de venação livre(s); ramificação(ções) das nervura(s) simples; indumento das nervura(s) glabra(s). Tipo de esporângio: forma do soro(s) unilateral(ais); forma do indúsio elíptico(s). Esporo: ornamentação da perina cristada(s). Stem: position erect; type of the indumentum scale; form of the scale linear lanceolate. Leaf: position erect; colour of the petiole brown shiny; wing of the petiole and or rachis marginate winged; indumentum of the petiole and or rachis trichome and scale; form of the blade foliar linear lanceolate; division of the blade foliar pinnate; apex of the blade foliar acute/pinna apical pinnatifid; base of the blade decrescent; presence of the bud present; number of the pairs of the pinae more of the 30 pairs; form of the pinna lateral oblong; type of the venation free; branching of the veins simple; indumentum of the veins glabrate. Type of sporangium: form of the sori unilateral; form of the indusium elliptic. Spore: ornamentation of the perine cristate. Caule: posição ereto(s); tipo de indumento escama(s); forma das escama(s) linear(es) lanceolada(s). Folha: posição ereta(s); cor do pecíolo(s) castanho lustroso(s); ala(s) do pecíolo(s) e ou raque marginado(s) alado(s); indumento do pecíolo(s) e ou raque tricoma(s) e escama(s); forma da lâmina(s) foliar(es) linear(es) lanceolada(s); divisão da lâmina(s) foliar(es) pinada(s); ápice(s) da lâmina(s) foliar(es) agudo(s)/pina apical(ais) pinatifida(s); base da lâmina(s) decrescente(s); presença de gema(s) presente(s); número de pares de pinas mais de 30 pares; forma da pina lateral(ais) oblonga(s); tipo de venação livre(s); ramificação(ções) das nervura(s) simples; indumento das nervura(s) glabra(s). Tipo de esporângio: forma do soro(s) unilateral(ais); forma do indúsio elíptico(s). Esporo: ornamentação da perina cristada(s).

Rupícola

Erva

Asplenium monanthes L., Mant. Pl. 130. 1767. Fig. 16 I.

Plantas epífitas; rizoma erecto; hojas en fascículos muy compactos, hasta 25 cm de largo y ca 2 cm de ancho, monomorfas; pecíolo recto a curvado o torcido, oscuro, muy estrechamente marginado, gla­bro; lámina 1-pinnada, linear, las pinnas proxima­les de las hojas viejas algunas veces con yemas prolíferas en las axilas, abaxialmente con dispersos tricomas ad­presos cafés; raquis angosta­mente alado, con esca­sas escamas filiformes retor­cidas; pinnas cua­dran­gulares a oblon­gas, bases ine­quiláteras, el lado basis­cópico recto, el acroscópico levemente auricu­lado, ápices agudos, márgenes cre­nulado-dentados o ente­ros, sub­coriá­ceas a herbá­ceas; nervios simples o 1-bifur­cados, algunas veces incons­picuos, terminan­do en hidátodos claviformes antes de los márgenes; indusio entero.

Bosques secos y bosques de pino-encinos; Barclay 2135, Moreno 14310; 1300–1400 m; sur deEstados Unidos al norte de Argentina y Brasil, Jamaica, República Dominicana y Haití, áfrica y Hawaii. Esta especie se caracteriza por tener generalmente un soro por pinna paralelo al margen basis­cópico, aunque raramente 1 ó 2 soros pueden ser encontrados sobre el lado acroscópico de la pinna. VU

At 8, 000 ft. alt.

Perennial with erect rhizome. Fronds to 35 cm, suberect, stipe initially scaled, often proliferous at lamina base, lamina linear, 1-pinnate, pinnae to 1.4 cm long, oblong-falcate, broadly cuneate-flabellate at base, outer margins crenate-dentate, sparsely scaled beneath. Sori solitary, parallel to basiscopic margin, indusium subentire. Rhizome erect to suberect, set with black rhizome scales. Stipe castaneous, nitid. Fertile pinnae bearing 1 (or at most 2) sori. Pinnae oblong-falcate, becoming broadly cuneate-flabellate basally, margin prominently crenate-dentate. Lamina linear, up to 300 x 25 mm. Terrestrial or epilithic. Rhizome erect to suberect, with black scales with reddish margins. Fronds tufted, suberect, pinnate, often gemmiferous in upper half of stipe, lamina linear-oblong, 150-450 x 18-27 mm, basal pinnae somewhat reduced, glabrous adaxially, with occasional small scales abaxially; pinnae roughly rectangular, acroscopically developed, margins crenate-serrate acroscopically, entire basiscopically; rachis almost black, glabrous; stipe dark brown to almost black, with scattered scales when young, glabrous at maturity. Sporangia in elongate-linear to oval sori borne singly (rarely 2) per pinna near costa along lower margins, with subentire indusium. Rhizome erect to suberect, set with black rhizome scales. Stipe castaneous, nitid. Fertile pinnae bearing 1 (or at most 2) sori. Pinnae oblong-falcate, becoming broadly cuneate-flabellate basally, margin prominently crenate-dentate. Lamina linear, up to 300 x 25 mm. Terrestrial or epilithic. Rhizome erect to suberect, with black scales with reddish margins. Fronds tufted, suberect, pinnate, often gemmiferous in upper half of stipe, lamina linear-oblong, 150-450 x 18-27 mm, basal pinnae somewhat reduced, glabrous adaxially, with occasional small scales abaxially; pinnae roughly rectangular, acroscopically developed, margins crenate-serrate acroscopically, entire basiscopically; rachis almost black, glabrous; stipe dark brown to almost black, with scattered scales when young, glabrous at maturity. Sporangia in elongate-linear to oval sori borne singly (rarely 2) per pinna near costa along lower margins, with subentire indusium.

Forests and ravines, 150-600 m. Shaded forest floors and gullies, 1400-2500 m. Shaded forest floors and gullies. Mesic Grassland. Shaded, moist forest floors, often near streams. Shaded forest floors and gullies, 1400-2500 m. Shaded forest floors and gullies. Mesic Grassland. Shaded, moist forest floors, often near streams.

Cape Peninsula to W Africa, Madagascar and tropical America. Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free State, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan; Fernando Po, Madeira, Madagascar, Reunion, Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. Also America, from Mexico to Bolivia and Chile, Jamaica and Hawaii. Cape Province, Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free State, Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan; Fernando Po, Madeira, Madagascar, Reunion, Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. Also America, from Mexico to Bolivia and Chile, Jamaica and Hawaii.

Terrestrial on rocky slopes in light pine-oakwoods; (900-)1450-3600 m. S USA; Mexico; Guat, Hond, Salv, CR, Pan; Jam, Hisp; Col, Ven, Ec, Peru, Braz, Bol, Chile, n Arg; Africa; Hawaii. Also reported from Nicaragua and Uruguay by Adams (in Davidse et al., 1995). Southern United States, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil; temperate and tropical Africa; Hawaii. In Venezuela in the states of Sucre, Monagas, Aragua, and Merida, at elevations from 1500 to 2500 m. Terrestrial on rocky slopes in light pine-oak woods at middle to upper elevations; Centro, Coixtlahuaca, Cuicatlán, Etla, Ixtlán, Miahuatlán, Mixe, Pochutla, Sola de Vega, Teo-titlán, Tlacolula, Tlaxiaco, Villa Alta; (900-) 1450-2900 m. Mexico (Chih, Dgo, Nay, Jal, Col, Mich, Gro, Mex, DF, Mor, Hgo, Ver, Pue, Oax, Chis); sw US; Guat to Pan; Jam, Hisp; Col & Ven to Braz & n Arg; Africa; Hawaii. Southern United States, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil; temperate and tropical Africa; Hawaii. In Venezuela in the states of Sucre, Monagas, Aragua, and Merida, at elevations from 1500 to 2500 m. Terrestrial on rocky slopes in light pine-oak woods at middle to upper elevations; Centro, Coixtlahuaca, Cuicatlán, Etla, Ixtlán, Miahuatlán, Mixe, Pochutla, Sola de Vega, Teo-titlán, Tlacolula, Tlaxiaco, Villa Alta; (900-) 1450-2900 m. Mexico (Chih, Dgo, Nay, Jal, Col, Mich, Gro, Mex, DF, Mor, Hgo, Ver, Pue, Oax, Chis); sw US; Guat to Pan; Jam, Hisp; Col & Ven to Braz & n Arg; Africa; Hawaii.

Roots thin, wiry, not proliferous; rhizomes erect; rhizome scales bicolorous, central portion occluded, margins brown, clathrate, apices long-attenuate and uniseriate at tips, 4-6 x 0.5-0.8 mm, entire; fronds clumped, mostly (15-)25-70 cm long; stipes castaneous to atropurpureous, 2-15(-30) cm x 1-2 mm, 1/5-1/3 of frond length, glabrous, adaxially sometimes with narrow brownish wings 0.1-0.2 mm; blades 1-pinnate, linear, 15-40(-60) x 1-3.5(-4.5) cm, apices pinnatifid, not proliferous or sometimes with buds in axils of proximal pinnae on older fronds; rachises castaneous to atropurpureous, lustrous, with sparse to scattered, twisted, hair-like scales 1-2 mm long, adaxially with brownish wings 0.1-0.3 mm wide; pinnae quadrangular to oblong, to 60 pairs, 6-22 x 2-7 mm, reduced proximally (lowest deltate, ca. 1/3 the length of the longest ones), sessile, dimidiate, basiscopic edges straight, acroscopic edge slightly auriculate at the base, crenulate with mucronate teeth or subentire, sinuses to 0.8 mm deep; veins simple or 1-forked (2-forked at acroscopic base), tips evident adaxially; indument abaxially of scattered, appressed, tan, clavate hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long; sori often 1-3 per pinna, often confined to basiscopic side and parallel to the margin, or 2-4 on basiscopic sides, 2-5(-6) on acroscopic sides; indusia whitish to light tan, 1-3 x 0.8-1.2 mm, margins erose; spores globose to ovoid. Rhizomes erect, the scales narrow, black or with faint brown edges; fronds many; stipes and rhachises castaneous, atropurpureous, or black, adaxially flattened with minute brown wings; blades simply pinnate, linear, to 48 cm long; pinnae up to 50 pairs, quadrangular, dimidiate, the inferior edges entire, straight or cut away in a shallow curve, the superior edges subentire or crenulate, sometimes basally lobed; proximal pinnae deltoid, gradually diminished to about ¼ as long as the median ones; distal pinnae abruptly reduced to an acute or acuminate apex, the confluent terminal pinnae often forming a caudate apex; sori inframarginal along the inferior pinna edges, usually only one per pinna, occasionally 2 or 3 and not confined to the inferior edge. Rhizome erect; rhizome scales bicolorous, central portion occluded, margin thin, brown, clathrate, 4-6 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, apex long-attenuate to capillary; fronds clumped; stipe 2-12 cm long, castaneous, atropurpureous or black, glabrous, adaxially flattened, not or slightly winged; blade once-pinnate, linear, 15-40(-60) cm long, apex pinnatifid, non-proliferous; rachis castaneous, atropurpureous or black, lustrous, wings brown, 0.1-0.3 mm wide, with sparse to scattered, twisted, hairlike scales 1-2 mm long; pinnae to 50 pairs, quadrangular, reduced at blade base, dimidiate, to 20 mm long, 2-7 mm wide, entire to slightly toothed; upper edge crenulate with mucronate teeth or subentire, sinuses to 0.8 mm deep, lower edge straight, entire, lower surface with rare to scattered clavate hairs; axis rarely with buds in axils of lowest pinnae; hydathodes prominent; sori often one to two per pinna, along lower edge, in some forms 2-4 sori in pairs; indusia 2-3(-5) mm long, 1 mm wide, entire. Rhizomes erect, the scales narrow, black or with faint brown edges; fronds many; stipes and rhachises castaneous, atropurpureous, or black, adaxially flattened with minute brown wings; blades simply pinnate, linear, to 48 cm long; pinnae up to 50 pairs, quadrangular, dimidiate, the inferior edges entire, straight or cut away in a shallow curve, the superior edges subentire or crenulate, sometimes basally lobed; proximal pinnae deltoid, gradually diminished to about ¼ as long as the median ones; distal pinnae abruptly reduced to an acute or acuminate apex, the confluent terminal pinnae often forming a caudate apex; sori inframarginal along the inferior pinna edges, usually only one per pinna, occasionally 2 or 3 and not confined to the inferior edge. Rhizome erect; rhizome scales bicolorous, central portion occluded, margin thin, brown, clathrate, 4-6 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, apex long-attenuate to capillary; fronds clumped; stipe 2-12 cm long, castaneous, atropurpureous or black, glabrous, adaxially flattened, not or slightly winged; blade once-pinnate, linear, 15-40(-60) cm long, apex pinnatifid, non-proliferous; rachis castaneous, atropurpureous or black, lustrous, wings brown, 0.1-0.3 mm wide, with sparse to scattered, twisted, hairlike scales 1-2 mm long; pinnae to 50 pairs, quadrangular, reduced at blade base, dimidiate, to 20 mm long, 2-7 mm wide, entire to slightly toothed; upper edge crenulate with mucronate teeth or subentire, sinuses to 0.8 mm deep, lower edge straight, entire, lower surface with rare to scattered clavate hairs; axis rarely with buds in axils of lowest pinnae; hydathodes prominent; sori often one to two per pinna, along lower edge, in some forms 2-4 sori in pairs; indusia 2-3(-5) mm long, 1 mm wide, entire.

Roots not proliferous. Stems erect, unbranched; scales black with lighter margins, linear-lanceolate, 3--6 × 0.4--0.8 mm, margins entire. Leaves monomorphic. Petiole reddish brown throughout, lustrous, 1--12(--20) cm, 1/3--1/10 length of blade; indument of black filiform scales. Blade linear, 1-pinnate throughout, 5--25(--40) × 1--2.5(--3) cm, thick, glabrous; base gradually tapered; apex acute, not rooting. Rachis reddish brown throughout, lustrous, glabrous. Pinnae in 10--40 pairs, oblong to quadrangular, somewhat asymmetric; medial pinnae 4--15 × 2--5 mm; base rounded to cuneate; margins crenulate or ± entire; apex obtuse. Veins free, obscure. Sori 1(--3) per pinna, only on basiscopic side. Spores 32 per sporangium. n = 2 n = 108 (apogamous).