The World Flora Online

32. Adiantum tetraphyllum Humb. et Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 5: 441 (1810). Lectotipo (designado por Lellinger, 1977): Venezuela, Humboldt y Bonpland s.n. (B-W-20082-2!).

Por A.C. Jermy.

Adiantum tetraphyllum Humb. et Bonpl. ex Willd. var. costaricense H. Christ.

Rizoma 3-8 mm de diámetro, largamente rastrero, las escamas 2-3 x c. 0.3 mm, linear-lanceoladas o estrechamente deltadas, esparcidamente denticuladas, pardo-dorado con la franja media más oscura, clatradas; hojas 35-100 cm; pecíolo tan largo como la lámina o ligeramente más corto que ella, angulado, atropurpúreo, lustroso, esparcidamente escamoso, las escamas pardas, fibrilosas; lámina 15-30 cm de ancho, deltada o transversalmente oblonga (sí se ignora la pinna terminal), 2-pinnada, glabra u ocasionalmente con muy pocas escamas pequeñas y pectinadas en el envés, con bandas de idioblastos sobre ambas superficies; pinnas 1-3 pares, 8-15 cm, lanceoladas, atenuadas arriba hacia una pínnula terminal 3-8 mm de ancho, de forma diferente, alargadas, pinnatífidas; pínnulas 25-40 cm, falcadas, sésiles, dimidiadas, serradas (al menos apicalmente), el ápice acuminado a obtuso; soros 4-6 por segmento, 1-4 mm, sobre los márgenes acroscópicos y ocasionalmente sobre los distales; indusio moderadamente grueso, peloso, los tricomas c. 0.2 mm. Barrancas húmedas sombreadas, laderas en bosques caducifolios, y selvas altas perennifolias. Ch (Breedlove y Dressler 29866, MEXU); B (Smith, 1981: 26); G (Weatherwax 202, IND); H (Portillo 5, TEFH); ES (Berendsohn et al. 1355, MO); N (Stevens 12177, BM); CR (McDowell 156, MO); P (Croat 36964, MO). 0-1600 m. (S. México, Mesoamérica, Colombia, Venezuela, Guayanas, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay, Argentina, Antillas, Trinidad.)

Se ha mostrado que las plantas de Adiantum tetraphyllum de Trinidad son diploides o tetraploides, pero no hay diferencias morfológicas con las que se pueda correlacionar (Jermy y Walker, 1985).

Caule: rizoma(s) curta(s)/rasteira(s)/nodoso(s). Folha: fronde(s) 2 pinada(s); raque com escama(s); estéril(eis) margem(ns) serrada(s); nervura(s) livre(s); idioblasto presente(s); pina ou pínula(s) contínua(s)/subséssil(eis)/dimidiado/glabro(s)/adaxial/com escama(s). Tipo de esporângio: leptosporângio pedicelado(s)/glabro(s). Esporângio: ânulo vertical/com/indúsio/pubescente(s). Esporo: trilete rugada(s)/à/tuberculada(s). Stem: rhizome short/creeping/nodose. Leaf: frond 2 pinnate; rachis with scale; sterile margin serrate; veins free; idioblast present; pinna or pinnule continuous/subsessile/dimidiate/glabrous/adaxial/with scale. Type of sporangium: leptosporangium pedicellate/glabrous. Sporangium: annulus vertical/with/indusium/pubescent. Spore: trilete rugate/to/tuberculate. Tallo: rizoma(s) corta(s)/rastrera(s)/nodoso(s). Hoja: fronde(s) 2 pinada(s); raquis con escama(s); estéril(es) margen(es) serrada(s); nervura(s) libre(s); idioblasto presente(s); pina o pínula(s) contínua(s)/subsésil(es)/dimidiado/glabro(s)/adaxial/con escama(s). Tipo de esporangio: leptosporángio pedicelado(s)/glabro(s). Esporangio: ánulo vertical/con/indusio/pubescente(s). Esporo: trilete arrugada(s)/à/tuberculada(s). Stem: rhizome short/creeping/nodose. Leaf: frond 2 pinnate; rachis with scale; sterile margin serrate; veins free; idioblast present; pinna or pinnule continuous/subsessile/dimidiate/glabrous/adaxial/with scale. Type of sporangium: leptosporangium pedicellate/glabrous. Sporangium: annulus vertical/with/indusium/pubescent. Spore: trilete rugate/to/tuberculate. Tallo: rizoma(s) corta(s)/rastrera(s)/nodoso(s). Hoja: fronde(s) 2 pinada(s); raquis con escama(s); estéril(es) margen(es) serrada(s); nervura(s) libre(s); idioblasto presente(s); pina o pínula(s) contínua(s)/subsésil(es)/dimidiado/glabro(s)/adaxial/con escama(s). Tipo de esporangio: leptosporángio pedicelado(s)/glabro(s). Esporangio: ánulo vertical/con/indusio/pubescente(s). Esporo: trilete arrugada(s)/à/tuberculada(s).

Adiantum tetraphyllum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 5(1): 441. 1810. Fig. 7 I, J.

Rizoma corta a largamente rastrero, con escamas linear-lanceoladas, café-doradas, dispersa­mente denticu­la­das; hojas 30–100 cm de largo; pecíolo escamoso; lámina deltada, 2-pinnada, glabra adaxialmente, ocasio­nalmente con muy pocas escamas abaxialmente; raquis escamoso al igual que el pecíolo; pinnas 1–5 pares; últimos segmentos falcados, dimidiados, sé­siles, no articu­lados, el color oscuro del pedículo pasando al segmento; en los segmentos estériles los nervios terminando en los márgenes dentados; soros 4–8 por seg­mento, indusios oblongos a lineares sobre el margen acroscópico y ocasional­mente sobre el margen distal.

Nebliselvas, pluvioselvas y bosques húme­dos; Rueda 12295, Stevens 14595; 0–1300 m; México a Para­guay, las Antillas. Los especímenes deter­mi­nados previamente como Adiantum fructuosum Poepp. ex Spreng., se han incluido dentro de esta especie. LC

Rhizome short-creeping, 3-8 mm diam.; rhizome scales golden brown, 2-3 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, linear-lanceolate, sparsely denticulate; fronds clumped to distant, 35-100 cm long; stipe ½-3/5 the frond length, angled, atropurpureous, lustrous, with some brown scales (to 3 mm long); blade deltate, bipinnate with large conform terminal pinna, ca. 15-30 cm wide; pinnae 1-3 alternate pairs, terminal pinnule elongate, pinnatifid, non-conform, largest pinnules 25-40 mm long, tip acuminate, upward-pointing, upper surface glabrous with idioblasts, lower surface glabrous; sori several per segment, 1-4 mm long; indusium with scattered short hairs (0.1 mm); spores tan. Rhizomes long-creeping, covered at apex with triangular scales, these dark brown at base. Fronds bipinnate; petiole 25-35 cm long, with caducous pubescence; pinnae 1-3 on each side of rachis, elliptic, 10-20 X 3-3.5 cm; the rachis pubescent; pinnules 12-20 on each side, subtriangular, 14- 18 X 4-5 mm. Sori small, distant. Rhizome creeping, mostly 3-5 mm thick, becoming nodose, densely clothed at apex with narrowly deltate-attenuate, remotely denticulate- ciliate scales 1-2 mm long, these lustrous yellow- or red-brown with darker median stripe. Fronds distichous, up to 0.7 cm apart, erect spreading, 40-80 cm long; stipes lustrous purpleblack, 22-52 cm long, often longer than the blades, grooved-quadrangular, sparsely clothed with minute, subappressed, inegularly branched, hairlike scales. Blades broadly deltate to suborbicular or (excluding the elongate terminal pinna) transversely oblong, 14-32 cm long, 16-35 cm broad, uniformly 2-pinnate; rhachis and costae fibrillose like the stipe but much more densely; lateral pinnae 2-6 pairs, altemate, spreading, mostly linear-lanceolate, up to 20 cm long, acuminate- caudate at apex; pinnules 18-27 pairs, dimidiate, lacking a costa, the fertile ones oblong to narrowly deltate-oblong, mostly 1.5-2.5 cm long, 0.6-0.8 cm broad, the acroscopic base rectangular, the basiscopic margin excavate in a straight or slightly concave line lacking sori, the apex obtuse to short-acuminate; sterile pinnules larger and more falcate, with margins inegularly appressed-senate; tissue dark green on both sides, glabrous. Sori numerous, short, on acroscopic side only or extending around the apex; indusioid flap light brown, turgid, the thin margin deflexed-incurved, erose. In most cases the indusioid flap is glabrous, but specimens from the Siena de Luquillo sometimes have this structure pubescent with pluricellular hairs. Rhizomes short- to usually long-creeping, 3–5 mm diam.; rhizome scales golden brown, 2–3 x 0.3 mm, linear-lanceolate, sparsely denticulate; fronds clumped to distant, 35–100 cm long, arching; stipes atropurpureous, lustrous, 25–55 cm x 2–3 mm, 1/2–3/5 the frond length, with brown scales to 3 mm long; blades deltate, 2-pinnate, ca. 25–35 cm wide, each blade with a large conform terminal pinna; rachises atropurpureous, with numerous linear to lanceolate, denticulate scales to 1.5 mm long; pinnae 1–4(–5) alternate pairs, terminal pinnules elongate, pinnatifid; pinnules 15–40 x 5–7 mm long, tips acute to acuminate, falcate, non-articulate; veins free, forking, ending in teeth at the margins;indument adaxially absent, abaxially the surfaces with a few scattered hair-like scales; idioblasts conspicuous on both blade surfaces; sori mostly 3–6 per pinnule, confined to acroscopic margins; indusia 1–4 mm long, glabrous; 2n=58–60 (Jam). Rhizomes long-creeping, covered at apex with triangular scales, these dark brown at base. Fronds bipinnate; petiole 25-35 cm long, with caducous pubescence; pinnae 1-3 on each side of rachis, elliptic, 10-20 X 3-3.5 cm; the rachis pubescent; pinnules 12-20 on each side, subtriangular, 14- 18 X 4-5 mm. Sori small, distant. Rhizome creeping, mostly 3-5 mm thick, becoming nodose, densely clothed at apex with narrowly deltate-attenuate, remotely denticulate- ciliate scales 1-2 mm long, these lustrous yellow- or red-brown with darker median stripe. Fronds distichous, up to 0.7 cm apart, erect spreading, 40-80 cm long; stipes lustrous purpleblack, 22-52 cm long, often longer than the blades, grooved-quadrangular, sparsely clothed with minute, subappressed, inegularly branched, hairlike scales. Blades broadly deltate to suborbicular or (excluding the elongate terminal pinna) transversely oblong, 14-32 cm long, 16-35 cm broad, uniformly 2-pinnate; rhachis and costae fibrillose like the stipe but much more densely; lateral pinnae 2-6 pairs, altemate, spreading, mostly linear-lanceolate, up to 20 cm long, acuminate- caudate at apex; pinnules 18-27 pairs, dimidiate, lacking a costa, the fertile ones oblong to narrowly deltate-oblong, mostly 1.5-2.5 cm long, 0.6-0.8 cm broad, the acroscopic base rectangular, the basiscopic margin excavate in a straight or slightly concave line lacking sori, the apex obtuse to short-acuminate; sterile pinnules larger and more falcate, with margins inegularly appressed-senate; tissue dark green on both sides, glabrous. Sori numerous, short, on acroscopic side only or extending around the apex; indusioid flap light brown, turgid, the thin margin deflexed-incurved, erose. In most cases the indusioid flap is glabrous, but specimens from the Siena de Luquillo sometimes have this structure pubescent with pluricellular hairs. Rhizomes short- to usually long-creeping, 3–5 mm diam.; rhizome scales golden brown, 2–3 x 0.3 mm, linear-lanceolate, sparsely denticulate; fronds clumped to distant, 35–100 cm long, arching; stipes atropurpureous, lustrous, 25–55 cm x 2–3 mm, 1/2–3/5 the frond length, with brown scales to 3 mm long; blades deltate, 2-pinnate, ca. 25–35 cm wide, each blade with a large conform terminal pinna; rachises atropurpureous, with numerous linear to lanceolate, denticulate scales to 1.5 mm long; pinnae 1–4(–5) alternate pairs, terminal pinnules elongate, pinnatifid; pinnules 15–40 x 5–7 mm long, tips acute to acuminate, falcate, non-articulate; veins free, forking, ending in teeth at the margins;indument adaxially absent, abaxially the surfaces with a few scattered hair-like scales; idioblasts conspicuous on both blade surfaces; sori mostly 3–6 per pinnule, confined to acroscopic margins; indusia 1–4 mm long, glabrous; 2n=58–60 (Jam).

Greater and Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Trinidad, and continental tropical America from Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia. Distribution in Puerto Rico. Of wide occurrence in suitable habitats; recorded from Adjuntas, Arecibo, Guaynabo, Hatillo, Las Marias, Luquillo, Naguabo, Quebradillas, Rio Grande, San Juan, and Utuado. Terrestrial in lowland forests and lower montane forests, seasonal evergreen forests, montane rain forests; 150– 350(–1250) m. Mexico; Guat, Bel, Hond, Salv, Nic, CR, Pan; Gr & L Ant; Col, Ven, Trin, Ec, Peru, Bol, Parag. Terrestrial, in low elevation wet forests; Ixtlán, Juchitán, Juquila, Pochutla, Tux-tepec, Villa Alta; 150-3 50(-1200) m. Mexico (Nay, Gro, Ver, Oax, Chis); Guat to Pan; WI, Trin; Ven to Peru. Rare, in understory of forest on well-drained soil. Terrestrial in lowland forests and lower montane forests, seasonal evergreen forests, montane rain forests; 150– 350(–1250) m. Mexico; Guat, Bel, Hond, Salv, Nic, CR, Pan; Gr & L Ant; Col, Ven, Trin, Ec, Peru, Bol, Parag. Terrestrial, in low elevation wet forests; Ixtlán, Juchitán, Juquila, Pochutla, Tux-tepec, Villa Alta; 150-3 50(-1200) m. Mexico (Nay, Gro, Ver, Oax, Chis); Guat to Pan; WI, Trin; Ven to Peru. Rare, in understory of forest on well-drained soil.