The World Flora Online

BANISTERIOPSIS C.B. Rob.

Bejucos, arbustos o raramente árboles pequeños. Hojas con glándulas; estípulas pequeñas, libres, interpeciolares. Brácteas floríferas y bractéolas eglandulares, pedicelo comúnmente sésil, emergiendo de un pedúnculo en pocas especies; pétalos amarillos, rosados o blancos, comúnmente los 4 laterales patentes o reflexos y el posterior erecto; estambres 10, todos fértiles, las anteras comúnmente heteromorfas o a veces homomorfas; ovario con los 3 carpelos adnados a un toro común, todos fértiles, estilos 3, los estigmas terminales. Fruto partiéndose en 3 sámaras que se separan de un toro piramidal corto, cada sámara con su ala más grande en posición dorsal y engrosada en la arista adaxial (superior), los nervios terminando en la arista abaxial más delgada, alitas mucho más cortas, crestas, o crecimientos irregulares presentes en los costados de la nuez en algunas especies; nuez comúnmente con un carpóforo funcional.

Género con 94 especies de los trópicos y subtrópicos de América, mayormente en Sudamérica; 3 especies se conocen en Nicaragua y 1 más se espera encontrar. Fue tratado como Banisteria en la Flora of Guatemala. Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton es ampliamente utilizada por las tribus indígenas de la Amazonia occidental en la preparación de bebidas alucinógenas.

B. Gates. A monograph of Banisteriopsis and Diplopterys, Malpighiaceae. Fl. Neotrop. 30: 1–237. 1982.

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Lianas. Leaves opposite, (rarely ternate elsewhere), simple, entire, petiolate, coriaceous to membranaceous, commonly glandular along the margin or at the base; stipules interpetiolar, minute, caducous. Inflorescences of umbels, corymbs or rarely racemes arranged in bracteate or leafy, axillary or terminal panicles. Flowers pink, yellow or white; sepals 5, usually ovate, the petals 5, clawed, glabrous or sericeous outside, the limb orbicular or obovate, entire or fimbriate, frequently unequal, the anterior petal being more deeply fimbriate or of different size; stamens 10, frequently unequal, the 3 posterior stamens and the 2 epipetal- ous (lateral) stamens reduced in size, the anterior stamen sometimes much en- larged, the filaments frequently united at the base, the anthers glabrous or pilose (not Panama), the connective thick, glandular; styles generally equal, truncate or capitate, uniformly stigmatic, the ovary trilobate, gibbose, hirsute. Fruit a schi- zocarp of 3 samaras, these with a single dorsal wing, with a thickened ventral margin and a thin dorsal margin, lateral wings absent or poorly developed, the body smooth or with minute wings, tubercles or transverse ridges; embryo curved.

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Bejucos o arbustos; estípulas interpeciolares, separadas, pequeñas. Hojas con el pecíolo eglandular o con 2 glándulas sésiles, grandes, en o ligeramente debajo del ápice ó 2 – 4 glándulas pequeñas, cupuladas, levantadas, en la mitad distal; lámina usualmente con glándulas. Infls. terminales o axilares, paniculadas, cimosas, umbe- ladas y de 4(– 6) fls. o largamente pseudorracemosas y de 8 – 25 fls.; pedicelos principalmente sésiles, raramente con pedúnculo hasta 1.5 mm (usualmente bien desarrollado y hasta 7 mm en B. muricata); brácteas y bractéo- las eglandulares. Fls. con los sépalos todos eglandulares o los laterales biglandulares; pétalos expuestos en el botón, amarillos, rosados o blancos, glabros; anteras iguales o (más comúnmente) desiguales, glabras o pilosas; ovario trilocular; estilos 3, de espesor uniforme o ensanchados distalmente, con el estigma terminal, grande. Frs. esquizocárpicos, secos, que se separan en 3 sámaras mucho más largas que anchas; alitas, crestas o protube- rancias laterales irregulares presentes en la nuez en algunas spp.; ala dorsal más grande, engrosada en el borde adaxial (superior), los nervios que terminan en el borde abaxial más delgado; sámaras usualmente con un carpó- foro amplio, corto.

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Lianas, shrubs, vining or not, treelets, or shrublets with woody xylopodium. Stipules interpetiolar, small to minute, Leaves simple, opposite or ternate, rarely alternate or 4 at a node, the petiole short and eglandular or longer and often bearing 1-2 pairs of glands distally, the lamina entire, bearing 1-several pairs of glands along the margin or abaxially on the lamina or on the costa at the base, adaxially glabrous, velutinous or appressed-pubescent to glabrate, abaxially glabrous, velutinous, tomentose or sericeous, with the venation camptodromous, the secondary veins often scalariform, prominent to impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially. Inflorescence paniculate or cymose, the flowers borne in pairs or alternately with up to 45 flowers on each branch or reduced to 2 pairs with the internodes between the 2 pairs reduced to give the appearance of a 4-flowered umbel. Bracts and bracteoles eglandular, persistent or deciduous, pubescent or glabrate abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Pedicels usually sessile, more rarely with a short peduncle 0.5-4.0(-7.0) mm long. Flowers hermaphroditic. Calyx of 5 sepals, in a few species eglandular, but usually the 4 lateral sepals each bearing 2 abaxial glands, the anterior sepal usually eglandular, persistent in fruit. Petals 5, white, pink, lemon- or yolk-yellow, clawed, the limb glabrous or abaxially sericeous, cochleate to convex, with the margin fimbriate or laciniate, rarely crenulate or subentire, sometimes glandular, the posterior petal usually different from the 4 lateral petals with a longer claw and smaller limb, deciduous after flowering. Stamens 10, all fertile, the filaments subequal or variously differentiated, the locules glabrous or pilose, the margin of the pollen sacs along the line of dehiscence membranaceous, the connectives buff or yellow, eglandular or glandular, the glandular tissue composed of large polygonal cells or papillae. Gynoecium of 3 carpels, each uniovulate, free, adnate to a pyramidal torus, the ovule adaxial, pendent, anatropous. Styles 3, equal or sometimes the anterior style different from the 2 posterior styles, rarely only the anterior style developing, glabrous or hairy, persistent in fruit. Stigmas terminal, often capitate. Fruit of 3 samaras or mericarps each usually with a functional carpophore. Nut of the samara with a hard woody or bony pericarp, smooth to rugose or bearing various lateral appendages, sometimes with a tooth at the base of the distal margin, with a well-developed dorsal wing with the upper margin thickened, rarely reduced to a short crest, sometimes with an outgrowth at the base of the upper margin of the wing, in some species the wings of the 2 posterior samaras lying subparallel to the wing of the anterior samara. Locule of the samara more or less spherical or kidney-shaped, sometimes pubescent within, the seed filling the locule, the embryo with large cotyledons, equal or subequal, fleshy and pear-shaped or narrowly oblong and folded distally. Germination epigeal or hypogeal.

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Vines, shrubs, or rarely small trees, the leaves usually opposite or ternate, occasionally subopposite or alternate, bearing glands on the lamina or petiole or both, the stipules small, free, interpetiolar. Flowers borne in 4-flowered umbels, corymbs of up to 10 flowers, or pseudoracemes, these single or grouped in a paniculate or cymose inflorescence; floriferous peduncle usually absent, but well developed in a few species, the floriferous bract and bracteoles all present, eglandular. Petals yellow, pink, or white, usually the lateral 4 spreading or reflexed and the posterior erect. Stamens 10, all fertile, the anthers alike in some species but more commonly strongly dissimilar, the connective greatly exceeding the locules in some anthers of some species. Ovary of 3 free carpels adnate to a common torus, 1 anterior and 2 posterior, all fertile; styles 3 (very rarely only the anterior developing), the stigmas terminal. Fruit schizocarpic, breaking apart into 3 samaras (or fewer due to abortion) separating from a short pyramidal torus, each samara having its largest wing dorsal, thickened on the adaxial (upper) edge, the veins terminating in the thinner abaxial edge; much shorter winglets or crests present on the sides ofthe nut in some species; dorsal wing rudimentary in a few species; nut usually with a functional carpophore.

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Lianas

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Found throughout the New World tropics, with a few species extending north into Mexico and south to Argentina. The greatest number of species are found in Brazil, and more than one-third in the Planalto region of central Brazil.

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