The World Flora Online

5. Brassica L.

Por I.A.Al-Shehbaz y S.Fuentes-Soriano.

Hierbas anuales, bianuales o perennes, rara vez subarbustoso arbustos, frecuentemente glaucas. Tricomas ausentes o simples. Hojascaulinares, delgadas, lirado-pinnatífidas o pinnatisectas, con la base cuneada,atenuada, auriculada a amplexicaule, pecioladas o sésiles. Racimos ebracteados,alargados en fruto. Sépalos ovados, oblongos u oblongos lineares, erectos,ascendentes o rara vez patentes, la base del par lateral sacciforme o nosacciforme; pétalos obovados, espatulados o rara vez oblanceolados, amarillos,rara vez blancos o rosados, el ápice obtuso o emarginado, unguiculados, la uñaconspicua; estambres 6, tetradínamos; nectarios 4, mediales y laterales, raravez 2 y laterales; óvulos 4-50 por ovario. Silicuas dehiscentes (basalmente enla región valvar), lineares o rara vez oblongas, teretes, 4-anguladas o latiseptas,apicalmente con un rostro indehiscente; región valvar con 4-46 semillas, máslarga que el rostro; rostro sin semillas o con 1(-3); replo redondeado; septocompleto; estilo obsoleto o conspicuo; estigma capitado, entero o bilobado;semillas globosas, uniseriadas o rara vez biseriadas, sin alas, mucilaginosas ono cuando se humedecen; cotiledones conduplicados. 38 spp. Mayormente en elsuroeste de Europa, noroeste de África y suroeste de Asia.

Bibliografía: Prakash, S. y Hinata,K. Opera Bot. 55: 1-57 (1980). Schulz, O.E. Pflanzenr.IV.105(Heft 70): 21-84 (1919).

Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, rarely subshrubs or shrubs, often glaucous. Trichomes absent or simple. Stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, leafy or rarely leafless. Basal leaves petiolate, rosulate or not, simple, entire, dentate, lyrate-pinnatifid, or pinnatisect. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, base cuneate, attenuate, auriculate, sagittate, or amplexicaul, margin entire, dentate, or lobed. Racemes ebracteate, elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels ascending, divaricate, or reflexed. Sepals ovate or oblong, erect, ascending, or rarely spreading, base of lateral pair saccate or not. Petals yellow, rarely white or pink; blade obovate, spatulate, or rarely oblanceolate, apex obtuse or emarginate; claw distinct, subequaling or longer than sepals. Stamens 6, tetradynamous; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands 4, median and lateral, rarely 2 and lateral. Ovules 4-50 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or rarely oblong, terete, 4-angled, or latiseptate, sessile or shortly stipitate, segmented; valvular segment dehiscent, 4-46-seeded, longer than terminal segment, smooth or torulose, valves with a prominent midvein and obscure lateral veins; terminal segment seedless or 1(-3)-seeded; replum rounded; septum complete, translucent or opaque, veinless or with a distinct midvein; style obsolete or distinct; stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate or rarely biseriate, wingless, globose or rarely oblong, plump or rarely slightly flattened; seed coat reticulate, mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons conduplicate.

herbs

Annual or biennial herbs, glabrous or pubescent with simple trichomes; stems usually single from the base, branched above; leaves sessile or petiolate, simple to somewhat divided; inflorescence racemose, ebracteate; sepals oblong to slightly broader, outer pair slightly saccate; petals yellow, spatulate; siliques linear, slightly flattened parallel to replum, usually sterile above and forming a tapering beak; seeds globose or- nearly so, wingless; cotyledons conduplicate.

BRASSICA L.

Herbáceas anuales o raramente bianuales, glabras o con tricomas simples, tallos erectos, generalmente ramificados. Hojas basales pecioladas, enteras a liradamente pinnatífidas con los lobos laterales más pequeños que el lobo terminal, hojas superiores cortamente pecioladas a sésiles, a veces auriculadas o amplexicaules, enteras, dentadas o lobadas. Sépalos erectos o ascendentes, raramente patentes, oblongos u ovados, el par interior generalmente sacciforme en la base; pétalos unguiculados, obovados, generalmente amarillos, raramente blancos o rosados; estambres tetradínamos; estigma capitado o bilobado. Silicuas angosta a ampliamente lineares, teretes o a veces comprimidas paralelamente al septo, raramente 4-anguladas, rostro cónico o cilíndrico, largo o corto, estilo conspicuo; semillas uniseriadas o raramente biseriadas, globosas a muy ligeramente comprimidas, sin alas, cotiledones conduplicados.

Género con unas 40 especies nativas de las zonas templadas del Viejo Mundo, muchas de las cuales han sido introducidas al Nuevo Mundo. Algunas son plantas de importancia económica, incluyendo la "Mostaza" (B. nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch) y el "Repollo" (B. oleracea L.) entre otras; 2 especies introducidas en Nicaragua.

Plantes herbacées'annuelles ou bisannuelles, parfois suffrutescentes, glabres ou pubescentes, à poils simples, à tige généralement ramifiée.'Feuilles'simples ou lyrées-pennatifides, les inférieures souvent en rosettes basilaires.'Racemes's'allongeant à la fructification.'Fleurs'à sépales obliques, les internes plus larges que les externes et subgibbeux à la base; pétales obovales, atténués-onguiculés; étamines 6, à anthères obtuses ou aiguës au sommet; ovaire sessile, parfois stipité, cylindrique, atténué en style allongé; stigmate capité-subbilobé.'Siliques'linéaires ou oblongues à section transversale biconvexe et à bec conique, cylindrique ou filiforme; valves convexes, à nervure médiane saillante.'Graines sur 1 rang; embryon à cotylédons condupliqués et à radicule dorsale (O≫).

Sep usually erect to ascending, saccate at base; pet yellow (our spp.), obovate, clawed; staminal glands 4, rounded, evident; anthers oblong; ovary subcylindric, scarcely narrowed to the short style; ovules several or many in one row in each locule; stigma capitate; fr subterete or angled, ± elongate, often torulose, terminated by a sterile, slender, terete to angular beak, this nerveless or 1-nerved on each side; valves with a prominent midnerve, the other nerves much weaker, scarcely parallel, often anastomosing; cotyledons conduplicate; seeds large, subglobose, in one row in each locule; coarse, weedy annuals and biennials, at least the lower lvs pinnatifid, the fls usually conspicuous. Dwarf specimens of all our spp. occur under unfavorable conditions and are not provided for in the descriptions. 35, Old World.

Ovary cylindrical, sometimes on a a gynophore; stigma semi-globose to slightly bilobed; ovules numerous, usually uniseriate Racemes terminal, usually ebracteate, corymbiform to paniculate, with many rather large flowers, in fruit elongate, lax Leaves undivided to pinnatipartite Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, rarely subshrubs, glabrous or with hispidulous simple hairs Lateral nectaries prismatic or reduced, median ones semiglobose to filiform, often large Stamens 6, the lateral ones often ascending; filaments linear Petals yellow or white, spathulate to clawed Sepals erect, connivent or spreading, the inner larger and somewhat saccate Fruit a siliqua, readily dehiscent, terete or slightly laterally compressed, in transverse section ± biconvex, attenuate into a conical to filiform beak with 0–3 seeds; valves rather thick, convex, with prominent midnerve and inconspicuous side-nerves Seeds usually globose, reticulate, not mucilaginous. Racemes terminal, usually ebracteate, corymbiform to paniculate, with many rather large flowers, in fruit elongate, lax Leaves undivided to pinnatipartite Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, rarely subshrubs, glabrous or with hispidulous simple hairs Lateral nectaries prismatic or reduced, median ones semiglobose to filiform, often large Stamens 6, the lateral ones often ascending; filaments linear Petals yellow or white, spathulate to clawed Sepals erect, connivent or spreading, the inner larger and somewhat saccate Fruit a siliqua, readily dehiscent, terete or slightly laterally compressed, in transverse section ± biconvex, attenuate into a conical to filiform beak with 0–3 seeds; valves rather thick, convex, with prominent midnerve and inconspicuous side-nerves Seeds usually globose, reticulate, not mucilaginous.

SELECTED REFERENCES Diederichsen, A. 2001. Brassica. In: P. Hanelt, ed. 2001. Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops…. 6 vols. Berlin and New York. Vol. 3, pp. 1435-1465. Gómez-Campo, C. 1999. Taxonomy. In: C. Gómez-Campo, ed. 1999b. Biology of Brassica Coenospecies. Amsterdam. Pp. 3-32. Prakash, S. and K. Hinata. 1980. Taxonomy, cytogenetics and origin of crop brassicas, a review. Opera Bot. 55: 1-57. Snogerup, S., M. Gustafsson, and R. von Bothmer. 1990. Brassica sect. Brassica (Brassicaceae). 1. Taxonomy and variation. Willdenowia 19: 271-365.

Annuals, biennials, or, rarely, perennials; not scapose; glabrous, glabrescent, or pubescent. Stems erect, unbranched or branched distally. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; basal (persistent in B. tournefortii), rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins entire, dentate, or lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base sometimes auriculate or amplexicaul), margins entire, dentate, lobed, or sinuate-serrate. Racemes (corymbose), considerably elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels erect, spreading, ascending or divaricately-ascending, often slender. Flowers: sepals usually erect or ascending, rarely spreading, oblong [ovate], lateral pair usually saccate basally; petals yellow to orange-yellow [rarely white], obovate, ovate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, claw often differentiated from blade, (sometimes attenuate basally, apex rounded or emarginate); stamens tetradynamous; filaments slender; anthers oblong or ovate, (apex obtuse); nectar glands confluent or not, median glands present. Fruits siliques, dehiscent, sessile or stipitate, segments 2, linear, torulose or smooth, terete, 4-angled, or latiseptate; (terminal segment seedless or 1-3-seeded, usually filiform or conic, rarely cylindrical); valves each prominently 1-veined, glabrous; replum rounded; septum complete; ovules [4-]10-50 per ovary; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate, plump, not winged, globose; seed coat (reticulate or reticulate-alveolate), mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons conduplicate. x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.

Annual or biennial (rarely perennial) herbs, glabrous or with simple hairs. Sepals erect, inner pair ± saccate. Petals 4, unguiculate. Flowers usually yellow, pedicellate, in ebracteate racemes. Seeds 1-seriate, subspherical. Cotyledons conduplicate. Stamens 6. Fruit a beaked silique with convex valves, each valve with 1 prominent vein, beak with 0–3 seeds. Sepals erect, inner pair ± saccate. Petals 4, unguiculate. Flowers usually yellow, pedicellate, in ebracteate racemes. Seeds 1-seriate, subspherical. Cotyledons conduplicate. Stamens 6. Fruit a beaked silique with convex valves, each valve with 1 prominent vein, beak with 0–3 seeds.