The World Flora Online

19. Disterigma (Klotzsch) Nied.

Killipiella A.C. Sm., Vacciniopsis Rusby, Vaccinium Klotzsch sect. Disterigma

Por R.L. Wilbur.

Arbustos terrestres o epifíticos. Hojas alternas, perennes, pecioladas, coriáceas, frecuentemente densamente agrupadas, por lo general inconspicuamente plinervias, los márgenes enteros o crenados. Inflorescencias axilares, pocas veces mezcladas con inflorescencias subterminales, con flores solitarias o con fascículos de 1-6-flores, las flores subsésiles; brácteas florales frecuentemente numerosas, diminutas, esparcidas a lo largo del pedicelo, similares a las bractéolas; pedicelos cortos o ausentes, articulados con el cáliz; bractéolas 2, apicales en el pedicelo, inmediatamente subyacentes al cáliz y abrazándolo. Flores (3-)4-meras, sin aroma; cáliz valvado o rara vez imbricado, sinsépalo, el tubo campanulado a cortamente cilíndrico, los lobos suberectos; corola valvada, simpétala, cilíndrica, urceolada, o campanulada, membranácea, (3-)4-lobada; estambres (6)8, iguales, el doble del número de lobos en la corola; filamentos distintos, iguales, más largos o más cortos que las anteras, el conectivo sin espolones; anteras iguales, dorsalmente unidas cerca de la base, el tejido de desintegración ausente, las tecas papilosas, los túbulos (1)2, dehiscentes por hendiduras introrsas alargadas o poros apicales; polen sin hilos de viscina; ovario ínfero, (3-)4-locular; estilo tan largo como la corola. Frutos en baya, de pared gruesa, coriáceos, negro-azulados o blancos y más o menos translúcidos; semillas a veces mucilaginosas. Aprox. 32 spp. Mesoamérica, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia.

El presente tratamiento incluye a Disterigma trimerum, especie mesoamericana que será segregada de Disterigma s. str. dado que no pertence a éste grupo monofilético ni comparte su principal sinapomorfía, que es la presencia de un par de bracteólas en el ápice del pedicelo, rodeando el cáliz, y bien diferenciadas en tamaño de otras brácteas y bracteólas. No obstante, las afinidades filogenéticas de esta especie no son claras y por tanto una nueva combinación aún no ha sido sugerida(Pedraza-Peñalosa, 2007).

Bibliografía: Pedraza-Peñalosa, P. Systematics and Phylogeny of the Andean Blueberry Disterigma (Ericaceae: Vaccinieae). Ph.D. thesis, City University of New York (2007). Pedraza-Peñalosa, P., sometido en Octubre de 2007 a Fl. Neotrop., Systematics and Phylogeny of the Andean Blueberry Disterigma (Ericaceae: Vaccinieae). Smith, A.C. Brittonia 1: 203-232 (1933). Wilbur, R.L. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 119: 280-288 (1992).

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Bushy to straggly, terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs. Leaves alternate, less than 3 cm long, short petiolate, coriaceous, usually obscurely nerved. Inflorescence an axillary cluster of 1-6, often subsessile flowers subtended by a few, minute, subcoriaceous bracts and borne on basally bracteate and always apically bi- bracteolate pedicels. Flowers obscurely articulate with the pedicel and embraced by the closely subtending bracteoles; hypanthium campanulate to short cylindric; calyx lobes 4-5, suberect; corolla subcylindric or campanulate cylindric, 4-5- lobed; stamens usually twice as many as the corolla lobes but rarely of the same number as the lobes, the filaments ligulate, the anthers dorsally attached near the base, membranous, prolonged into (1)2 tubules and dehiscing by elongate, elliptical, introrse clefts; style filliform and about as long as the corolla, the stigma truncate; ovary inferior, (3)4-5-celled with numerous ovules and surmounted by a fleshy, mound-like ring. Berry coriaceous.

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Arbustos o arbolitos, terrestres o epífitos, a veces escandentes. Hojas alternas; lámina entera, indistintamente plinervada. Infls. axilares, de 1 fl. solitaria o pocas fls. fasciculadas; brácteas florales inconspicuas. Fls. sésiles o con pedicelo muy corto, articulado con el cáliz, las bractéolas 2, en el extremo distal del pedicelo y que envuelven el cáliz; cáliz con el tubo campanulado o cortamente cilíndrico, los lóbulos (3)4(5), suberectos, a veces glandulares; corola subcilíndrica a campanulado-cilíndrica, (3)4(5)-lobulada; estambres (6)8 ó 10, tan largos como la corola, iguales entre sí, los filamentos separados, más cortos a más largos que las anteras; anteras con las tecas lisas, el conectivo sin espolones; túbulos 2, separados o fusionados en uno, conspicuos, ± iguales con las tecas, flexibles, dehiscentes por hendiduras introrsas o poros subterminales; ovario ínfero. Frs. abayados, blanco translúcido a blanco azulado.

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Terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs, erect, scandent, sometimes prostrate and spreading by rhizomatous stems with caulinar roots and bract-like leaves (these either larger or smaller than normal leaves), or occa¬sionally forming compact cushions in paramos; branch¬ing usually fastigiate, forming clumps at the end of long shoots; young branches usually ridged and some¬what flattened; mature branches terete, bark grayish to brown, longitudinally fissured. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, but sometimes oriented in one plane then appearing distichous; petioles short; lamina coria¬ceous, often fleshy (but rarely drying wrinkled), less than 5 cm long, margin entire or rarely minutely cre¬nate, the venation mostly plinerved but often obscure on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, 2-4(-11)- flowered fascicles, or flowers solitary, mostly axillary but rarely subterminal; inflorescence and floral bracts persistent, undifferentiated, usually inconspicuous, gradually increasing in length and width centripetally, cuculate, frequently chartaceous, adaxially glabrous; pedicel inconspicuous and hidden by overlapping bracts (subsessile flowers), or occasionally up to 3(—11) mm long and with a portion not completely obscured, ar¬ticulate with calyx, often with a ring of minute glan¬dular or eglandular hairs at articulation; bracteoles persistent, the most distal pair inserted directly at apex of pedicel and enveloping calyx to various degrees or rarely exceeding it by several millimeters, differentiated in size and shape from other bracts, in some species this differentiated pair of apical bracteoles is fused by one of their lateral margins to form "one" bracteole, or rarely fused at both lateral margins and then forming "one" ring-shaped bracteole (Disterigma utleyorum), the surface completely smooth, striate, or pustulate in herbarium specimens (striation usually also evident in fresh material but sometimes lost in liquid-preserved samples), usually adaxially glabrous. Flowers 4-merous or less often 5-merous. Calyx aestivation valvate or imbricate; tube in cross section 4-5-angled or terete, seldom shortly winged (D. dumontii), rarely abaxially pustulate; lobes mostly triangular, rarely ovate or oblong-lanceolate. Corolla aestivation valvate, urceo¬late, cylindric, or campanulate, bistratose or not, rarely abaxially pustulate, glabrous or with indumentum ad- axially, the hairs eglandular; lobes triangular. Stamens equal in length, 8-10(-12), adherent to corolla base, the tips sometimes exserted; filaments equal in length, distinct or less often connate, straight or geniculate, rarely spurred (D. appendiculatum), with or without indumentum, the hairs eglandular; anthers equal in length, dorsally attached near the base, rarely connate (D. synanthum); thecae straight in lateral outline or rarely basally prognathous, papillate, with or without a basal appendage that sometimes bears papillae or hairs; tubules (1-)2, dehiscing introrsely or apically by pores, slits, or rarely a cleft that runs from tubule tip to theca base (D. hiatus), lacking disintegration tissue; pollen lacking viscin threads. Ovary inferior, 4-5-locular, placentation axile; style filiform, the tip sometimes exserted, smooth and rarely micropapillose (D. hiatus); stigma truncate; nectariferous disk annular or quadran¬gular, pulvinate, usually glabrous. Fruit a fleshy berry, red, purple, violet, wine-red (almost black), white, or translucent white, usually spherical, crowned by per¬sistent calyx lobes, these usually spreading or erect but sometimes converging into a cone; seeds numerous per locule, ellipsoid, 1-1.5 x 0.5-0.8 mm, sometimes with a mucilaginous coat, rarely viviparous, testa reticulate.

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Calyx tube obscurely articulate with pedicel, cup-shaped or short- cylindric, the limb suberect, 4- or 5-lobed; corolla subeylindric or campanulate-eylindric, 4- or 5-lobed; stamens twice as many as lobes (5 in D. pentandrtm), equal; filaments ligulate, attached to the anthers dorsally near their bases; anthers membranous, produced into 2 tubules, dehiscing by oval introrse clefts; style filiform, about as long as corolla, the stigma truncate; ovary 4- or 5-celled (3-celled in D. pentandrum?), the placenta central, the ovules numerous; disc an- nular, carnose; fruit a coriaceous berry. Low terrestrial shrubs, often compact and dwarfed, with short densely foliated branchlets; leaves alternate, small, short-petiolate, coriaceous, the venation often obscure; flowers 1-6 in leaf axils, often subsessile, subtended by a few minute subcoriaceous bracts; pedicels sometimes bibracteolate near base, bibracteate at summit, the bracts large, embracing the calyx tube (bracts 4-6 in D. pentandrutm).

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shrubs

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Disterigma is a small genus of about 25 species ranging from the highlands of Guatemala south to Bolivia and east into the Guianas.

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Disterigma is a neotropical genus of 32 species, ranging from southern Mexico through Central America, to northern Bolivia, and east to Mount Roraima at the border of Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela.Disterigma is a neotropical genus of 32 species, ranging from southern Mexico through Central America, to northern Bolivia, and east to Mount Roraima at the border of Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela.

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Costa Rica to Bolivia, with one collection known from Mt. Roraima, at high altitudes. Fifteen species are here described.

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