The World Flora Online

Herbs, annual, biennial, monocarpic perennial, perennial, or shrubby. Laticifers or elongated idioblasts present. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette, rarely opposite or whorled, usually without stipules; leaf blade entire to compound. Inflorescences racemes, panicles, dichasia, pseudoumbels, or solitary flowers. Flowers actinomorphic, bisymmetric, or zygomorphic, always bisexual, usually 2-merous, rarely 3- or 4-merous. Calyx caducous, green or petaloid. Corolla choripetalous or quasi-sympetalous, very rarely absent. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, syncarpous with 2 to several carpels; placentation parietal.

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with coloured juice, often glaucescent and prickly, or rarely shrubs or small trees; root usually a rhizome or tuber Sepals 2, rarely 3, green, falling off separately on the opening of the flower or united into a deciduous calyptra Perianth of calyx and corolla, or rarely the latter absent Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, hypogynous or rarely perigynous, mostly solitary, fugacious and visited by pollen-eating insects Leaves exstipulate, alternate, rarely the floral leaves opposite or whorled, much divided, rarely entire Petals showy, 4 or 6, rarely 8 or 12, free, imbricate and often crumpled in the bud, deciduous Stamens numerous, rarely few, free, with filiform filaments; anthers mostly nearly as long as the filaments, 2-celled, dehiscing by longitudinal slits Fruit a capsule, opening by valves or pores Ovules numerous, rarely solitary Seeds small, with minute embryo in fleshy or oily endosperm Ovary free, of 2 or more united carpels, 1-celled with parietal placentas, or several-celled by the placentas reaching to the middle Sepals 2, rarely 3, green, falling off separately on the opening of the flower or united into a deciduous calyptra Perianth of calyx and corolla, or rarely the latter absent Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, hypogynous or rarely perigynous, mostly solitary, fugacious and visited by pollen-eating insects Leaves exstipulate, alternate, rarely the floral leaves opposite or whorled, much divided, rarely entire Petals showy, 4 or 6, rarely 8 or 12, free, imbricate and often crumpled in the bud, deciduous Stamens numerous, rarely few, free, with filiform filaments; anthers mostly nearly as long as the filaments, 2-celled, dehiscing by longitudinal slits Fruit a capsule, opening by valves or pores Ovules numerous, rarely solitary Seeds small, with minute embryo in fleshy or oily endosperm Ovary free, of 2 or more united carpels, 1-celled with parietal placentas, or several-celled by the placentas reaching to the middle

Fls regular, perfect, hypogynous; sep 2 or 3, fully enclosing the bud, caducous; pet 4 or more (rarely none), distinct, showy; stamens numerous; nectaries none; pistil of 2, less often 3 or 4, seldom (as in Argemone and Papaver) more numerous carpels, united to form a compound, typically unilocular ovary; ovules numerous on parietal placentas, but these sometimes (as in Papaver) deeply intruded as partial partitions, or the ovary seldom (as in Glaucium) fully partitioned into 2 locules; fr typically a unilocular capsule, dehiscent by partial or complete abscission of elongate valves alternating with the placentas, which form a persistent replum, or the valves sometime (as in Argemone and Papaver) reduced and subapical, so that the capsule opens by a ring of pores; capsule bilocular with deciduous valves in Glaucium; seeds with copious endosperm and small, dicotyledonous embryo, sometimes arillate; herbs or shrubs with milky or colored juice, mostly alternate lvs, and usually large fls. 25/200.

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, and only 1 tree genus (Bocconia L.), with white, yellow or orange coloured latex Flowers usually solitary, conspicuous and large, bisexual, regular, hypogynous Sepals 2–3, imbricate, usually free or calyptrate, caducous Leaves alternate or rarely whorled, exstipulate, entire to much divided (palmately, pinnately etc.) Ovary superior, usually unilocular, more rarely with 2 to several locules ; ovules numerous ; placentation parietal Stigmas opposite or alternate with placentas Petals (4–)6(–12), more rarely absent, imbricate, arranged in l–2(–3) whorls, crumpled in bud Stamens free, usually numerous, spirally arranged, rarely 4 and cyclic ; anthers 2-celled with longitudinal dehiscence Seeds small, numerous, with minute embryo and copious, usually oily, endosperm Fruit usually a capsule dehiscing by valves or pores, rarely indehiscent Flowers usually solitary, conspicuous and large, bisexual, regular, hypogynous Sepals 2–3, imbricate, usually free or calyptrate, caducous Leaves alternate or rarely whorled, exstipulate, entire to much divided (palmately, pinnately etc.) Ovary superior, usually unilocular, more rarely with 2 to several locules ; ovules numerous ; placentation parietal Stigmas opposite or alternate with placentas Petals (4–)6(–12), more rarely absent, imbricate, arranged in l–2(–3) whorls, crumpled in bud Stamens free, usually numerous, spirally arranged, rarely 4 and cyclic ; anthers 2-celled with longitudinal dehiscence Seeds small, numerous, with minute embryo and copious, usually oily, endosperm Fruit usually a capsule dehiscing by valves or pores, rarely indehiscent

SELECTED REFERENCES

Ernst, W. R. 1962. A Comparative Morphology of the Papaveraceae. Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University. Ernst, W. R. 1962b. The genera of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 43: 315-343. Ernst, W. R. 1967. Floral morphology and systematics of Platystemon and its allies Hesperomecon and Meconella (Papaveraceae: Platystemonoideae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 47: 25-70. Fedde, F. 1909. Papaveraceae-Hypecoideae et Papaveraceae-Papaveroideae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900-1953. Das Pflanzenreich. 107 vols. Berlin. Vol. 40[IV,104], pp. 1-430. Fedde, F. 1936. Papaveraceae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 5-145. Grey-Wilson, C. 1993. Poppies: A Guide to the Poppy Family in the Wild and in Cultivation. Portland. Gunn, C. R. 1980. Seeds and fruits of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae. Seed Sci. Techn. 8: 3-58. Gunn, C. R. and M. J. Seldin. 1976. Seeds and Fruits of North American Papaveraceae. Washington. [U.S.D.A. Agric. Res. Serv., Techn. Bull. 1517.] Harms, H. 1936. Reihe Rhoeadales. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 1-4. Hutchinson, J. 1925. Contributions towards a phylogenetic classification of flowering plants: V. The genera of Papaveraceae. Bull. Misinform. Kew 1925: 161-168. Kadereit, J. W. 1993. Papaveraceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 2+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 2, pp. 494-506. Stermitz, F. R. 1968. Alkaloid chemistry and the systematics of Papaver and Argemone. Recent Advances Phytochem. 1: 161-183.

Herbs or subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees , annual, biennial, or perennial, scapose or caulescent, usually from taproots, sometimes from rhizomes; sap clear, white, or colored, often sticky. Stems leafy or naked, erect, spreading, or decumbent, simple or branching. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate to opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, petiolate or sessile; blade unlobed or with 1-3 odd-pinnate, subpalmate, or palmate orders of lobes. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, unifloral or else multifloral and cymiform, racemose, umbelliform, corybiform, or paniculate, pedunculate or subsessile; bracts usually present. Flowers radially symmetric, pedicellate or sessile; receptacle sometimes expanded and forming cup or ring beneath calyx (only in Eschscholzia , Meconella , and Platystemon ); perianth and androecium sometimes perigynous; sepals caducous, 2 or 3, distinct or connate, usually obovate; petals distinct, usually obovate, mostly 2 times number of sepals, sometimes more or absent; stamens many or 4-15 (only in Meconella and Canbya ); anthers 2-locular; pistil 1, 2-18[-22]-carpellate; ovary 1-2-locular or incompletely to completely multilocular by placental intrusion; placentas 2 or more, parietal; style 1 or absent; stigmas or stigma lobes 2-many. Fruits capsular, dehiscence valvate, poricidal, or transverse, or carpels dissociating and breaking transversely into 1-seeded segments (only in Platystemon ). Seeds usually many, small, sometimes arillate or carunculate.

Seeds small, numerous; endosperm oily Ovary syncarpous, 1-locular with parietal placentas (rarely multilocular or spuriously 2-locular) and numerous ovules Fruit usually a capsule dehiscing by valves or pores Petals 4–6 (12) free, imbricate, fugacious Stamens usually numerous Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, usually hypogynous Sepals 2–3, imbricate, free or calyptrate, caducous Annual, biennial or perennial herbs (rarely shrubby), usually with white or yellowish latex, with alternate, exstipulate leaves Ovary syncarpous, 1-locular with parietal placentas (rarely multilocular or spuriously 2-locular) and numerous ovules Fruit usually a capsule dehiscing by valves or pores Petals 4–6 (12) free, imbricate, fugacious Stamens usually numerous Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, usually hypogynous Sepals 2–3, imbricate, free or calyptrate, caducous Annual, biennial or perennial herbs (rarely shrubby), usually with white or yellowish latex, with alternate, exstipulate leaves