The World Flora Online

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, deciduous or evergreen. Stems erect, scandent, arching, prostrate, or creeping, armed or unarmed. Buds usually with several exposed scales, sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound; stipules paired, free or adnate to petiole, rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin, rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate, corymbose, racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate. Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed. Stamens usually numerous, rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate; anthers small, didymous, rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous, superposed. Styles as many as carpels, terminal, lateral, or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged, usually exalbuminous, very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Trees, shrubs or herbs Leaves various, simple or compound, alternate or rarely opposite; stipules mostly present and paired, sometimes adnate to the petiole Stamens usually numerous; filaments free or connate; anthers small, 2-celled Petals present, rarely absent, imbricate Calyx free or adnate to the ovary; lobes imbricate Flowers actinomorphic or subzygomorphic, usually hermaphrodite Seeds without endosperm Fruit superior or inferior, drupaceous, pomaceous, follicular or achenial Ovules 2 or more in each carpel, superposed Carpels 1 or more, free or connate, superior or inferior; styles free or rarely connate Leaves various, simple or compound, alternate or rarely opposite; stipules mostly present and paired, sometimes adnate to the petiole Stamens usually numerous; filaments free or connate; anthers small, 2-celled Petals present, rarely absent, imbricate Calyx free or adnate to the ovary; lobes imbricate Flowers actinomorphic or subzygomorphic, usually hermaphrodite Seeds without endosperm Fruit superior or inferior, drupaceous, pomaceous, follicular or achenial Ovules 2 or more in each carpel, superposed Carpels 1 or more, free or connate, superior or inferior; styles free or rarely connate

Arbres , arbustes ou herbes, à feuilles alternes, stipulées, simples ou composées, digitées ou pennées.'Fleurs'grandes à très petites, typiquement ☿ périgynes, parfois 1-sexuées, subépigynes, en général actinomorphes, rarement zygomorphes; réceptacle élargi, plan ou plus souvent convexe, souvent aussi concave et alors parfois très profond; calice à 5 sépales, rarement 4, doublé parfois d'un calicule; corolle à 5 pétales grands, petits ou nuls; étamines typiquement très nombreuses, parfois 10, 5, 4 ou 1, rarement soudées par leurs filets, parfois en partie staminodiales ; carpelles nombreux, ou 5 à 1, libres, parfois ± soudés entre eux et alors souvent soudés aussi, au moins en partie, au réceptacle (fausse épigynie); style terminal ou gynobasique; ovules anatropes, peu nombreux.'Fruits'caractéristiques des sous-familles : follicules, akènes, baies ou drupes.'Graines exalbuminées.\n\t\t\tGrande famille, bien représentée surtout dans les climats tempérés et même froids (hautes montagnes), comptant près de 2000 espèces et remarquable par l'extrême variabilité de quelques-uns de ses genres ( Rosa ,'Rubus ,'Alchemilla ). La flore congolaise compte 8 genres et 57 (ou 54) espèces, et seule y est bien représentée la sous-famille des Chrysobalanoïdées, de situation systématique très discutée (voir Hauman, Bull. Jard. Bot. État. Brux., XXI, p. 167, 1951). Elle fournit quelques arbres importants tant aux forêts ombrophiles de la cuvette, qu'aux savanes boisées et aux galeries forestières, alors que les genres'Alchemilla'et'Hagenia sont strictement localisés dans les montagnes de l'Est.\n\t\t\tBien que la famille des Rosacées fournisse un grand nombre d'espèces fruitières de très grande importance dans les climats tempérés, aucune n'a pu se cultiver avec succès au Congo belge. C'est à peine si quelques variétés de Pêchers (du type chinois) et de Pommiers (Rome Beauty) se cultivent avec des résultats assez bons au Katanga (voir Cormeau, Arboric. Fruit. Katanga, p. 99-149, 1946) et l'on ne peut mentionner, comme donnant satisfaction, que quelques variétés de Fraisiers (spécialement du type'semperflorens ) dans les régions montagneuses de l'Est, et, partout où on l'a planté, le Néflier du Japon,'Eriobotrya japonica Lindl., introduit à Kisantu dès 1898, dont il existe des variétés à gros fruits, très savoureux.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t Prunus Salasii'Standley, du Guatemala, a été introduit récemment au Kivu (Mulungu) comme plante de sous-bois dans les plantations d' Eucalyptus ; il se propage abondamment par semis spontanés.

Fls commonly regular and perfect, perigynous or epigynous, usually (4)5-merous as to the sep and pet, or the pet seldom wanting; hypanthium saucer-shaped to cup-shaped or urceolate; stamens (1–)10–many, typically in multiples of 5, often 20 in all; pistils 1–many, superior and usually distinct, or (in subfamily Maloideae) united into a compound, inferior ovary with axile placentas and distinct styles; ovules 1–several; fr variously an achene, follicle, drupe, or pome, or a set of coherent drupelets, with or without an enlarged and modified hypanthium or receptacle; endosperm mostly wanting or nearly so, but copious in Physocarpus; herbs or woody plants with mostly alternate, simple or compound, stipulate or seldom (as in Spiraea) exstipulate lvs and commonly with conspicuous fls. 100/3000.

Receptacle flat, or convex and sometimes very accrescent, or concave, the mouth symmetrically or asymmetrically crateriform Calyx campanulate or urceolate, free or adnate in part to the receptacle, sometimes gibbous and asymmetrical, the lobes 4–5, with or without an additional row of 4–5 alternating outer lobes (epicalyx) Flowers regular or irregular, hermaphrodite, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, perigynous or epigynous Leaves simple or compound, alternate, stipulate Styles terminal or basal, exserted or included Carpels 1 to many, free or fused to each other and to the receptacle, or fused but free of the receptacle Stamens 1 to many, sometimes biseriate, exserted or included, free or basally connate, regularly disposed or inserted on one side of the receptacle only; staminodes (if present) usually inserted on one side of the receptacle and there replacing the fertile stamens Petals 5 or 0 Ovules 1 or 2 Herbs, shrubs, scramblers or trees Calyx campanulate or urceolate, free or adnate in part to the receptacle, sometimes gibbous and asymmetrical, the lobes 4–5, with or without an additional row of 4–5 alternating outer lobes (epicalyx) Flowers regular or irregular, hermaphrodite, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, perigynous or epigynous Leaves simple or compound, alternate, stipulate Styles terminal or basal, exserted or included Carpels 1 to many, free or fused to each other and to the receptacle, or fused but free of the receptacle Stamens 1 to many, sometimes biseriate, exserted or included, free or basally connate, regularly disposed or inserted on one side of the receptacle only; staminodes (if present) usually inserted on one side of the receptacle and there replacing the fertile stamens Petals 5 or 0 Ovules 1 or 2 Herbs, shrubs, scramblers or trees

SELECTED REFERENCES Kalkman, C. 1988. The phylogeny of the Rosaceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 37–59. Kalkman, C. 2004. Rosaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 10+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 6, pp. 343–386. Morgan, D. R., D. E. Soltis, and K. R. Robertson. 1994. Systematic and evolutionary implications of rbcL sequence variation in Rosaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 81: 890–903. Potter, D. et al. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae inferred from chloroplast matK and trnL-trnF nucleotide sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 231: 77–89. Potter, D. et al. 2007. Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 5–43. Robertson, K. R. 1974. The genera of Rosaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 55: 303–332, 344–401, 611–662. Rydberg, P. A. 1908–1918. Rosaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora…. 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 22, pp. 239–533.

Herbs (annual or perennial), shrubs, or trees. Stems simple or branched. Leaves persistent or deciduous, basal and/or cauline, usually alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound (palmate or imparipinnate); stipules usually present, sometimes absent; petiole present or absent; blade thin to coriaceous, margins ± lobed or unlobed, usually toothed. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes axillary, panicles with terminal flower (that is, determinate) or reductions of this: 1-flowered, glomerules, fascicles, spikes, racemes, corymbs, umbels, or cymes. Flowers usually bisexual, rarely unisexual, perianth and androecium perigynous or epigynous; epicalyx bractlet sometimes present; hypanthium flat to hemispheric, or cylindric to funnelform or urceolate; sepals (0–)4 or 5(–10), distinct, free; petals (0–)4 or 5(–12, rarely more in double ornamentals), distinct, free; nectar disc sometimes absent; stamens 0–130(–220), distinct, free, anthers usually longitudinally dehiscent; torus well developed, inconspicuous, or absent; pistils 1–250(–450), distinct or ± connate, free or ± adnate to hypanthium, ovary superior or inferior (then 2–5-carpellate and -locular and ± connate with axile placentation), styles terminal, subterminal, lateral, or ± basal, sometimes basally connate, stigmas usually capitate; ovules 1 or 2(–5+), ?basal, marginal, or apical, collateral, superposed, biseriate, or clustered, integuments 2, crassinucellate, with or without obturator?. Fruits achenes aggregated or not, follicles aggregated or not, drupes aggregated or not, aggregated nutlets, pomes, aggregated drupelets, or capsules; ?sometimes involving accessory organs, for example, hypanthium, torus?. Seeds 1 or 2(–12+), not arillate.

Fruits various, inferior to superior, naked or enclosed by the persistent calyx or calyx-tube, drupaceous, pomaceous, follicular, or composed of an indefinite number of achenes or drupelets, rarely capsular Trees, shrubs, scramblers, brambles or herbs, rarely annuals in the FZ area Carpels l–¥, free or connate and then usually ± adnate to the calyx-tube; styles terminal or basal; ovules often 2, rarely 1 or several Inflorescence corymbose, racemose or paniculate, or flowers solitary Seeds erect or pendulous; endosperm absent or very rarely scantily present; cotyledons usually fleshy Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or borne in groups of 2 or 3 at each node, simple or compound; stipules usually present and paired Flowers actinomorphic or almost so, mostly bisexual, rarely dioecious or polygamo-dioecious Calyx-tube short or elongated, free or adnate to the gynoecium; sometimes with an “epicalyx” of bracteoles; calyx-lobes usually 5, imbricate; disk usually present, lining the mouth of the calyx-tube, usually entire-margined Petals inserted below the margin of the disk, as many as the calyx-lobes, imbricate or convolute, usually free, often deciduous, or absent Stamens usually numerous, usually in a complete ring at the margin of or above the disk; filaments usually free and filiform; anthers mostly small, dehiscing longitudinally Trees, shrubs, scramblers, brambles or herbs, rarely annuals in the FZ area Carpels l–¥, free or connate and then usually ± adnate to the calyx-tube; styles terminal or basal; ovules often 2, rarely 1 or several Inflorescence corymbose, racemose or paniculate, or flowers solitary Seeds erect or pendulous; endosperm absent or very rarely scantily present; cotyledons usually fleshy Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or borne in groups of 2 or 3 at each node, simple or compound; stipules usually present and paired Flowers actinomorphic or almost so, mostly bisexual, rarely dioecious or polygamo-dioecious Calyx-tube short or elongated, free or adnate to the gynoecium; sometimes with an “epicalyx” of bracteoles; calyx-lobes usually 5, imbricate; disk usually present, lining the mouth of the calyx-tube, usually entire-margined Petals inserted below the margin of the disk, as many as the calyx-lobes, imbricate or convolute, usually free, often deciduous, or absent Stamens usually numerous, usually in a complete ring at the margin of or above the disk; filaments usually free and filiform; anthers mostly small, dehiscing longitudinally